tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26446454190495892772024-02-18T22:25:51.060-08:00Politik - Economy - SociétéDifferent texts of mine are gathered here. The approach is multilingual and interdisciplinary. The topics are international, focusing on sustainability, economy, politics and social aspects. Enjoy!
-JJ Bürger-JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.comBlogger110125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-23842179016350356002021-08-10T00:20:00.002-07:002021-08-10T01:01:32.898-07:00Alerte GIEC sur le dérèglement climatique : quid du modèle d'affaire des pétroliers ?<p>Par JJB <br /></p><p> </p><p>Le GIEC ayant <a href="https://twitter.com/IPCC_CH/status/1424651556490727426">publié hier son dernier rapport</a>, soulignant à nouveau l'urgence du dérèglement climatique, les appels se multiplient pour réagir à cette alerte par des mesures concrètes. </p><p><br /></p><p>Dans ce contexte, il est intéressant de se rappeler que les leaders du pétrole ont vu leur rentabilité financière baisser durant la décennie 2010, tendance qui n'a été que renforcée par le Covid-19. Face à cette perte d'attractivité financière, et face à l'urgence climatique, certains de ces pétroliers entament une diversification de leurs activités, voire une réduction de leur impact carbone... A savoir si cela suffira pour sauvegarder non seulement leur modèle d'affaires, mais aussi les objectifs mondiaux de l'Accord de Paris ?</p><p> </p><p>L'étude détaillée sur la dégradation de la santé financière des pétroliers peut être consultée via <a href="https://colombus-consulting.com/nos-publications/sante-financiere-des-petroliers-la-crise-sanitaire-est-elle-le-catalyseur-dune-transformation-de-long-terme/">ce lien</a>.<br /></p><p><br /></p>JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-36168385666980154482021-02-27T15:30:00.019-08:002021-03-10T06:45:02.466-08:00Stockage d'énergie - une introduction
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i>Par JJB </i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">L’idée de stocker l’énergie peut sembler paradoxale au premier
regard : comment est-ce qu’un phénomène aussi éphémère que l’énergie pourrait
être séquestré sur une longue durée ? Pourtant, il existe déjà de nombreuses
manières pour y parvenir, et plusieurs pistes sont en train d’être étudiées
pour compléter et améliorer ces technologies de stockage. En effet, celles-ci
sont amenées à jouer un rôle de plus en plus important dans le cadre de la
transition énergétique. <br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stockage d’énergie : quels
vecteurs ?</b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Parmi les solutions traditionnelles de stockage d’énergie, on pourrait citer d'abord les produits solides d’origine fossile, tels que le charbon ou le fioul, qui peuvent facilement être achetés, vendus, transportés, stockés puis utilisés à n’importe quel
moment – dégageant ainsi de l’énergie, par exemple pour cuisiner ou pour alimenter le
moteur d’une voiture. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Les systèmes gaziers, avec leurs réserves et réseaux, permettent également
de stocker et distribuer de l’énergie, sous forme de gaz naturel. Là encore, il s'agit d'une source d'énergie qui reste avant tout d’origine fossile, même si des alternatives
moins carbonées se développent également.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">De manière similaire, les réseaux de chaleur, qui fournissent de la
chaleur à leurs clients, permettent de conserver l’énergie sous forme de
chaleur pendant une certaine durée (à condition d’une bonne isolation
thermique). </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Cet effet d’inertie n’étant pas possible dans le cas de l’électricité,
celle-ci est la forme d’énergie qui est la plus difficile à stocker. En effet,
sur un réseau électrique, l’offre doit correspondre à la demande à tout moment.
Les technologies de stockage d’électricité méritent donc une attention toute
particulière.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stockage d’électricité : entre les
batteries lithium-ion et options plus larges</b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Le prix de batteries lithium-ion a chuté de manière considérable ces
dernières années, d’environ 1200 USD/kwh en 2010 pour les batteries de
véhicules à 156 USD/kWh en 2019, selon l’Agence International de l’Energie (<a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/evolution-of-li-ion-battery-price-1995-2019">IEA, qui précise d’ailleurs également la chute des prix pour d’autres gammes de batteries</a>).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Selon <a href="https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-cited-below-100-kwh-for-the-first-time-in-2020-while-market-average-sits-at-137-kwh/">les analyses de Bloomberg New Energy Finance</a>, ces prix continuent
de chuter et commencent en 2020 à se situer en dessous de 100 USD/kWh.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Mais les batteries lithium-ion ne sont pas forcément la solution la
plus efficace pour le stockage de grands volumes d’électricité sur de longues
durées. Pour cela, la solution la plus répandue aujourd’hui reste l'énergie hydraulique, et notamment les STEP :
ces Stations de Transfert d'Energie par Pompage utilisent de l’électricité (lorsqu’elle est abondante sur le marché) pour pomper de l’eau dans des bassins de retenue d’eau
à hauteur élevée. Ensuite, lorsque l’offre d’électricité sur le marché est trop faible, cette
eau peut être relâchée pour faire tourner des turbines de production d’électricité.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Cela représente un atout considérable pour un avenir où les énergies
renouvelables joueraient un rôle plus important dans la fourniture d’électricité,
créant ainsi un besoin pour compenser les fluctuations que peuvent connaître la
production électrique photovoltaïque ou éolienne. </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Néanmoins, étant donné que les STEP nécessitent une géographie spécifique,
et peuvent avoir un impact négatif sur la biodiversité locale, d’autres
solutions sont développées à travers le monde. </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">D’un point de vue non seulement technique mais aussi financier, les technologies suivantes sont parmi les options les plus efficaces (après les STEP), selon
la ressource en ligne <a href="https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/most-promising-long-duration-storage-technologies-left-standing">GreenTechMedia</a> :<br /></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">des tours de béton (répliquant le principe des STEP mais en soulevant et relâchant du béton au lieu d’eau), qui ont par exemple déjà suscité l’intérêt de Bill Gates et Tata Power,</div></li><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">de l’air liquéfié et stocké dans des réservoirs en surface,</div></li><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">de l’air pressurisé et stocké dans des cavités souterraines (dans les deux cas, la décompression de l’air permet ensuite de faire tourner des turbines produisant de l’électricité)</div></li><li><div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">des batteries à flux redox, qui stockent l’électricité via un réservoir d’électrolytes liquides</div></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Toutefois, il convient de noter que ces technologies ne sont pas
encore déployées à grande échelle aujourd’hui. Ainsi, la question du stockage à
longue durée (par exemple, pour lisser la saisonnalité de la production et consommation
d’électricité), essentielle pour le défi de la décarbonation de l’économie, est
encore loin d’être tranchée. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihqDre16d3EK41_t40ru7zlmqk2_ZD41WG0lLm2cett1ujiXl3EtqAJgvL_kU4jexCkUHe8KBwxkkCOq7tUq15jUpdI3tU7nGnujFUc_2Dry8cxz7_ELEMozD9qQzFW0ds-bL-uKNMKwFP/s1642/energy+vault.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="1642" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihqDre16d3EK41_t40ru7zlmqk2_ZD41WG0lLm2cett1ujiXl3EtqAJgvL_kU4jexCkUHe8KBwxkkCOq7tUq15jUpdI3tU7nGnujFUc_2Dry8cxz7_ELEMozD9qQzFW0ds-bL-uKNMKwFP/w400-h246/energy+vault.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Règles du jeu : comment harmoniser
tous ces instruments ?</b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">La question du stockage n’est pas seulement technologique, elle est
également économique. Par exemple, les professionnels des marchés de l’électricité discutent depuis longtemps sur la question de savoir s'il faut rémunérer (en plus de la production réelle d'électricité) la <i><u>disponibilité</u></i> des producteurs d’électricité, afin s’assurer que l’offre
d’électricité soit toujours suffisante. Une telle rémunération pourrait avoir un impact important sur la rentabilité du stockage d'énergie. Néanmoins, ces débats ne sont pas encore complètement tranchés dans les différents pays. </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">De
plus, les opérateurs de stockage d’énergie ayant un rôle intermédiaire,
entre producteurs et consommateurs, ils pourraient faire l'objet d'une double-taxation, à la fois quand ils importent et quand ils exportent de l'énergie. </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Tant que les revenus (ainsi que les surcharges et taxes) associés à ce rôle
restent flous, il n'est pas facile d’investir dans de nouvelles installations de
stockage d’énergie, notamment s’il s’agit de nouvelles technologies encore peu
matures. </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">C’est un challenge non négligeable pour les régulateurs qui
définissent les règles des marchés de l’énergie : si l’on veut compenser
financièrement le stockage d’électricité et la sécurité d’approvisionnement qu’il
peut procurer, il faut le faire d’une manière qui évite des effets indésirables
sur les marchés ou sur les réseaux électriques. </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 1cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par exemple, le stockage d’électricité
pourrait aider à absorber la surproduction momentanée des énergies
renouvelables, notamment lorsque le réseau électrique local n’est plus capable
d’évacuer toute cette production électricité (dans ce cas, on écrête aujourd’hui
souvent la surproduction renouvelable). Mais, pour ce faire, il faut que le cadre
régulatoire incite l'opérateur du stockage à absorber l’électricité au moment où
le réseau local est dépassé. Autrement, il n’est pas exclu que le marché
national incite l'opérateur du stockage à exporter de l’électricité (au lieu d’en
absorber), détériorant ainsi la situation du réseau local au lieu de l’améliorer.</i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Des solutions de « Sector Coupling », qui renforcent les
synergies entre les secteurs (électricité, chaleur, transport), peuvent
également aider à absorber la (sur)production d’électricité renouvelable, permettant ainsi souvent de conserver cette énergie sur une durée plus longue. Par exemple, le « Power-to-heat »
qui, aujourd’hui déjà, utilise les excédents de la production renouvelable pour
en faire de la chaleur pour les réseaux de chaleur municipaux, par exemple <a href="https://static.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin2/Projekte/2013/power-to-heat/Agora_PtH_Langfassung_WEB.pdf">au Danemark et en Allemagne</a>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Un autre exemple est la transformation d'électricité en
hydrogène, qui peut ensuite être utilisé en tant que gaz décarboné pour des
processus industriels, de la chaleur, ou pour la mobilité (voire pour en
refaire de l’électricité, même s’il y a des pertes d’efficacité durant l’étape
de transformation).</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Conclusion</b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Ainsi, de nombreux enjeux technologiques, économiques et régulatoires
restent encore à relever autour du stockage de l’énergie. Pour le système de l’électricité
de l’avenir, qui sera conçu pour accueillir de plus en plus d’énergies
décentralisées et décarbonées, il y aura donc plusieurs outils de stockage dont
le déploiement reste à surveiller de près. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-39412003637396895272020-12-29T11:36:00.014-08:002020-12-31T04:56:44.585-08:00A short review of 2020 in 3 bridge-building songs
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After a
year like 2020, which has undoubtedly been quite unusual and ‘isolating’, what
better way to conclude the year than to celebrate what unifies us ? </span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">People all
over the world turn to music when they look for hope and for a new outlook.
Moreover, music truly has a unifying power that can build bridges.</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of this
years’ <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smoothest</b> musical revelations
that crossed borders was the Crucchi Gang project, in which German musicians
re-recorded their songs in Italian, gifting us for example with "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnsbqFaTW-M">Carta bianca</a>", a
translation by Element of Crime of their song “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55Sl9KP2HdM">Weisses Papier</a>”… A beautiful new
version of a wonderful song, which highlights the power of each language to
give a different ‘color’ to a song…</span></p><p>A similar transformation w<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">as experienced by Bilderbuch's "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylTaPRMdcx8">Bungalow</a>", Sophie Hunger's "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j4Rc_iv2eg">Walzer für niemand</a>" and Wir sind Helden's "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUsl9TRhBCI">Nur ein Wort</a>", just to name a few. Perhaps the Crucchi Gang were inspired by earlier Italian adventures of the Austrian band Wanda, for instance the Italian version of their song "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QryaxIGSxs">Auseinandergehn ist schwer</a>"...?</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extroverted</b> musical bridge-builder may
have been this year’s new “Imagine your Korea” campaign. It may just be a personal
preference, but their <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3P1CnWI62Ik">Seoul</a>-focused
clip seems to be most well-designed one out of the series, combining awkwardly
blissful music with wonderfully weird dance moves (not too desperately seeking
to go viral, yet still immediately likeable), set on touristic hotspots in
Korea. </span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Granted, it is a commercial, so one should probably keep a critical
distance and not confuse it with art… </span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But then again : in this year of 2020, which
has brought us unprecedented peaks of online streaming (music, news, home
fitness, entertainment), this ad was sometimes more delightful than the
YouTube clips that it interrupted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gospel-inspired</b> song has touched people
around the world this year with a message of hope and unity, and with viral
dance moves : the #JerusalemaDanceChallenge not only inspired<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unity throughout countless adaptations across
the global, starting in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCZVL_8D048">South Africa</a> (without any choreography, which was apparently added to the song at a later stage, just for fun, in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=613A9d6Doac">Angola</a>), and soon spreading to everyone, from <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D24X3tRuaXA">German nurses</a> to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6NGWxzYks8">Venezuelan nuns</a>. It can
also be <a href="https://africa.thegospelcoalition.org/article/jerusalema/">argued</a>
that the lyrics of the song refer to the biblical (and, ultimatelty, universal)
dream of a world full of peace, happiness and unity…. Which might help to
explain the song’s success in this very particular year of 2020.</span></p>
<br />JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-5018443712473760282020-05-24T10:25:00.000-07:002020-05-24T10:28:17.569-07:00Low-carbon heating in France : warming up to District HeatingBy JJB<br />
<br />
"District Heating" is a technology allowing several large buildings, neighbourhoods or even entire cities to share common heat sources, which produce heat centrally and then deliver it to each individual home through dedicated heat networks. While the general public may sometimes associate district heating more with Scandinavian, Central- or Eastern European countries, France is also "warming up" to this technology.<br />
<br />
Indeed, France's district heating systems have seen an increased share of renewable heat production in recent years, and the government is looking to expand the use of low-carbon district heating even further (the goal being a 5-fold increase by 2030, compared to 2012 levels). According to a recent study, this would also enable the country to tap into local resources in order to create local employment, while also protecting consumers from price fluctuations.<br />
<br />
A commented article can be found <a href="https://www.bioenergie-promotion.fr/66210/exploitons-les-sources-de-chaleur-locales-plutot-que-des-sources-fossiles-importees/">here</a>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The full <a href="https://colombus-consulting.com/nos-publications/reseaux-de-chaleur-et-enrr-decarboner-le-chauffage-pour-la-transition-energetique/">detailed paper can be downloaded here</a> ; e</span>ven though it is written in French, the authors can also be contacted in English in case of any questions.<br />
<br />JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-7839796142885462742020-04-28T14:20:00.001-07:002020-05-24T09:54:07.960-07:00How does Europe define "Clean Hydrogen" ?<div>
The European Union and several of its member states are moving forward to promote clean hydrogen as a new energy carrier for a fossil-free future. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
However, as argued by JJ Bürger in an <a href="https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/avis-d-expert-produire-de-l-hydrogene-propre-a-partir-de-renouvelable-de-fossiles-ou-de-nucleaire.N956336">article for the French utility-centered magazine Usine Nouvelle</a>, the European Union's approach is still too vague, leaving it up to the individual states to define what "clean hydrogen" actually means and how it should be produced. </div>
<div>
The discrepancy among the national approaches hinders the creation of a EU-wide common vision for clean hydrogen technologies, as argued in the article, even though Europe's position on hydrogen could have the potential to set international standards for the emerging market of clean hydrogen.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
While the above-mentioned article is written in French, please do not hesitate to reach out through the comments below if you seek further information in English.</div>
JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-61382994167828266392020-04-28T14:19:00.001-07:002020-05-24T09:41:18.384-07:00Integrating flexibility into the power grid of tomorrow<br />
In order for the Energy Transition to succeed, the energy system of the future needs to embrace flexibility in a way that would have seemed unbelievable just a few decades ago.<br />
Indeed, an increasing share of the electricity production will be provided by intermittent renewable resources. In addition, power consumption may become more and more flexible, due to new use cases such as e-mobility or smart homes.<br />
<br />
In this context, it is interesting to note that research projects are increasingly focused on enabling real-life applications of Energy flexibility. For instance, the InterFlex project has <a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Interflex-Summary-report-2017-2019.pdf">recently published its final results</a>.<br />
InterFlex was a 3-year project, running from early 2017 to end of 2019, which investigated the use of local flexibilities to relieve distribution grid constraints.<br />
The project aimed to develop solutions for the integration of
distributed energy resources and to prepare the electric system for new
uses, including electric mobility.<br />
Six <a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/interflex/project-demonstrators/">industry-scale demonstrators were set up</a> in 5 participating countries. <i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><b></b><br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><b></b><b></b><b></b><br />
The variety of the approaches investigated by InterFlex reflects the
diversity of the European energy systems and particularly of the grid
infrastructure. The project’s use cases, tested in its six demonstrators
in five countries, have provided their individual input to five innovation streams:<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/results-and-achievements/local-flexibility-markets">Local Flexibility Markets</a></li>
<li><a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/results-and-achievements/demand-response-customer-empowerment/">Demand response & Customer Empowerment</a></li>
<li><a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/results-and-achievements/smart-functions-grid-automation/">Smart Functions & Grid Automation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/results-and-achievements/cross-energy-carrier-synergies/">Cross-Energy-Carrier Synergies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/results-and-achievements/multi-service-storage-islanding/"><span id="goog_1876590144"></span>Multi-Service Storage & Islanding<span id="goog_1876590145"></span></a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Further information is available by clicking on the above links, or by browsing through the InterFlex media Library, including <a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/media-library/videos/">videos</a>, project <a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/results/deliverables/#">deliverables</a> and scientific <a href="https://interflex-h2020.com/results/publications/">publications</a>.</div>
JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-27709519003122130242019-05-17T08:47:00.001-07:002019-11-24T16:01:33.245-08:00France's low-carbon hydrogen ambitions : one year laterAccording to its strategy launched in 2018, France aims to reach at least 200 heavy-duty vehicles powered by low-carbon hydrogen by 2023 - and at least 5000 light-duty commercial vehicles. The targets for 2028 are even more ambitious, as they foresee to multiply the 2023 targets by at least 4.<br />
<br />
In order to reach those targets, France announced an equally ambitious support budget of 100 million EUR (potentially <i>per year</i>) when it presented its hydrogen strategy in June 2018. So far, it does not seem like the reality of the 2019 budget can fully live up to that promise.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless: now that the first selection of 11 hydrogen projects was presented this month by the French Energy Agency ADEME, the interest in the emerging market for low-carbon hydrogen solutions is at a new height, and it keeps on growing steadily.<br />
<br />
However, in order to reach France's overall objective of creating an entire new industry around low-carbon hydrogen, certain financial and regulatory elements are still needed in order to create solid long-term perspectives.<br />
<br />
This is what JJ Bürger describes in an article for the French magazine <b>Usine Nouvelle</b>, specialized on industry and energy topics. Please <a href="https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/tribune-le-flou-budgetaire-du-plan-hydrogene-freine-la-filiere.N839975">click here to read the entire article</a>.<br />
The article is only available in French language. If you are interested in publications in English or German, please feel free to reach out.<br />
<br />
<br />JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-67618286149220570322019-02-28T09:06:00.005-08:002019-11-24T15:31:04.000-08:00Local and regional aspects of the Energy transition : France, Germany, United KingdomBy JJB<br />
<br />
The energy transition continues to have a local dimension that is very strong. Indeed, large parts of the infrastructure, investments and jobs related to the clean energy sector are deeply rooted in their respective regions. Similarly, opposition against clean energy projects can frequently also have an important local dimension, for example in the form of citizen backlash or regional regulatory hurdles.<br />
<br />
An international team of researchers now took on to further analyze these interactions between the energy transition and its local or regional contexts. Published at Lavoisier, the book cites specific examples and compares overall trends between France, Germany and the United Kingdom. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK5WEgG3vrRWF5VAvIoSSih5dpuEDK64DGyu4MUij35GRdx6_2b00bH-Dh7oNjLgbJbjSIAckzaQGrvJkWhxIvhujJJfxOYxsaFF_86n2lYU4J6Bc_V_yhiOvt_0ew-NADWTKNkLUHN1gK/s1600/Territoires.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="236" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK5WEgG3vrRWF5VAvIoSSih5dpuEDK64DGyu4MUij35GRdx6_2b00bH-Dh7oNjLgbJbjSIAckzaQGrvJkWhxIvhujJJfxOYxsaFF_86n2lYU4J6Bc_V_yhiOvt_0ew-NADWTKNkLUHN1gK/s320/Territoires.JPG" width="194" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.lavoisier.fr/livre/notice.asp?ouvrage=3797401">Local and regional aspects of the energy transition in Germany, France and in the UK</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The book's contributions on Germany were elaborated by EIFER, the Karlsruhe-based European Institute for Energy Research. The author of this blog also contributed to this work.<br />
<br />
The book is currently available only in French language. If you are interested in publications in English or German, please feel free to reach out.JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-68976774838332263962019-02-28T09:06:00.003-08:002019-11-24T15:33:33.475-08:00Energy Transition and other challenges for German electricity gridsBy JJB<br />
<br />
The energy transition is a challenge for electricity grids in Germany. Conceived for a centralized top-down power supply, the grid now has to integrate an increasing number of decentralized bottom-up power flows, while also ensuring that the overall system continues to run smoothly.<br />
<br />
However, the increase of renewable energy in the current decade is not the only reason for this challenge. For example, the fleet of conventional power plants in Germany and Europe is also undergoing profound changes at the same time. In addition, parts of the German power grids are also considered by some experts to have suffered of a certain lack of investment in the late 20th century...<br />
<br />
In order to assess the challenges of the German power grids correctly, they have to be portrayed in their actual, multi-facetted context. That is indeed the objective of <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783658233815">JJ Bürger's book</a>, which was published at Springer-Vieweg, a publishing company specialized in science and academia:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlmQjSb-BBNe9R5miOgwQ_QiWn2WmqaCTt6eWFF-LAZebHq3WS74WfwGDfc89X9bSLturEnxdGhfkhmEZd8E6xkcE0eOBDlnobRWkhrXt-H3G3JOurlTr-S8r25EOKLtD4HSzDocRbujsA/s1600/Transformationsprozesse.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="152" data-original-width="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlmQjSb-BBNe9R5miOgwQ_QiWn2WmqaCTt6eWFF-LAZebHq3WS74WfwGDfc89X9bSLturEnxdGhfkhmEZd8E6xkcE0eOBDlnobRWkhrXt-H3G3JOurlTr-S8r25EOKLtD4HSzDocRbujsA/s1600/Transformationsprozesse.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">JJ Bürger - <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783658233815">Transformationsprozesse und Stromnetzausbau</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
This book describes the planning processes of German grid development, and the policies put in place in order to modernize those planning processes for the needs of the emerging, new version of our energy system. Moreover, the book compares these targets with the reality of actual grid development progress. A large number of original sources are also referenced, supporting the book's analysis of the current situation in the 21st century, as well as its succinct review of the history of German power grid development in the 20th century.<br />
<br />
The book is currently available only in German language. If you are interested in publications in English or French, please feel free to reach out.JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-3824746158912360002019-02-28T09:06:00.001-08:002019-11-24T15:08:56.668-08:00Over 8 years and 100 blog postsWhen this blog started in late 2010, who would have thought that it would still be around 8 years later - still alive and actively producing new posts?<br />
It is early 2019 now, and we just stepped beyond the remarkable limit of 100 blog posts!<br />
Many thanks to everybody who has read, followed and shared this journey with me.<br />
Here is to the next milestones that we will reach together!<br />
<br />
JJ Bürger<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Quand ce blog a démarré fin 2010,
qui aurait dit qu'il serait toujours là 8 ans plus tard - toujours vivant et actif ? </span><br />
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">A l'heure actuelle, nous
sommes début 2019, et nous venons de franchir le cap des 100 articles postés !</span><br />
Merci beaucoup à tous ceux qui ont lu, suivi et partagé ce voyage avec moi.<br />
Aux prochaines étapes que nous allons franchir ensemble!<br />
<br />
JJ Bürger<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Wer hätte gedacht, als dieser Blog Ende 2010 startete, dass er 8 Jahre später immer noch hier sein würde - und immer noch aktiv neue Posts produzieren würde?<br />
Soeben haben wir die Marke von 100 Blogposts überschritten!<br />
Vielen Dank allen, die diese Reise mit mir geteilt, verfolgt und gelesen haben.<br />
Auf die nächsten Meilensteine, die wir gemeinsam erreichen werden !<br />
<br />
JJ BürgerJJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-2871217282465772792018-07-11T12:21:00.001-07:002018-07-13T09:12:32.995-07:00United Nations - High-Level Political Forum, with a focus on Water and EnergyBy JJB<br />
<br />
The 2018 United Nations' High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) on sustainable development is currently taking place in New York City from July 9th to July 18th, including a ministerial meeting from July 16th to the 18th. The theme of this year's HLPF is: "Transformation towards sustainable and resilient societies". The full program can be found <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf/2018">here</a>.<br />
<br />
The High-Level Political Forum is the United Nations' central platform for
follow-ups and progress reviews around the <b>2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development </b>and
its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides a participatory opportunity for all States that are members
of the United Nations or of specialized agencies.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_QZ-xxNmPQZXEgOiAEM8yRiuxIeCOywuuPbItlSxfimQWt7FS8koWOV3DtmzIXmKbhqbrgnbEoAeoqNvV2RthRbuDrWXYwuiu_JDFdOD9stb3dxMnGzd_vMlQuNCD8p4L0qFP-OHLgC5e/s1600/20180709_152814.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_QZ-xxNmPQZXEgOiAEM8yRiuxIeCOywuuPbItlSxfimQWt7FS8koWOV3DtmzIXmKbhqbrgnbEoAeoqNvV2RthRbuDrWXYwuiu_JDFdOD9stb3dxMnGzd_vMlQuNCD8p4L0qFP-OHLgC5e/s400/20180709_152814.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View on the flags from inside the United Nations. Photo: EUPlanet</td></tr>
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Water and energy (two intertwined topics which EUPlanet covered several times recently, for example <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2018/05/upcoming-article.html">here</a> and <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2018/06/blogentry.html">here</a>) are among the SDGs that are being reviewed in detail in this year's HLPF. Several documents and reports were produced in advance, in order to help structuring the debate on those topics.<br />
For instance, the 2018 progress report on SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) can be found <a href="http://www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2018/07/SDG6_SR2018_web_4.pdf">here</a> and futher pieces of information are provided <a href="http://www.unwater.org/publication_categories/sdg-6-synthesis-report-2018-on-water-and-sanitation/">here</a>. A two-page summary is available <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/19838SDG6_Highlights_UN_Water.updated_format.pdf">here</a>.<br />
Regarding SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), an extensive report on policy briefs was provided <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/25571804578ESDG7_Policy_Briefs_REV_3.pdf">here</a>. A two-page summary can be found <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/19841SDG7_Highlights.updated_format.pdf">here</a>.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">During HLPF, this "Ecological Living Module" at the UN showcases sustainable solutions, incl. for energy and water. Photo: EUPlanet</td></tr>
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<br />
On July 9th, SDG 6 on water and sanitation was discussed in detail at the United Nations' during a three-hour <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=20000&nr=4127&menu=2993">session</a>.<br />
One important aspect of these discussions was the fact that SDG 6 is a goal that is very deeply connected to other SDGs, because water is a central element to so many aspects of sustainable development. For example, initiatives to fight hunger in developing countries may lead to increased use of water for agriculture and to more water pollution from livestock, as pointed out by Claudia Sadoff, Director of the International Water Management Institute. Thus, Sadoff highlighted, there may be many synergies between SDGs, but there may also be trade-offs. However, various solutions may help to address this issue, such as new irrigation techniques, changes in diet or solar-powered sanitation, she argued. Also, according to Sadoff, modern cities should be capable of absorbing water types from different origins (e.g. storms, floods, recovered waste water) and using them according to the respective water qualities.<br />
Similarly, Lucía Ruiz, Vice Minister of Environment of Peru, emphasized the importance of integrating indigenous and ancestral knowledge of water management into local and national strategies, including water resources shared by several nations, such as the Amazonas.<br />
Following the presentations of the panelists, the discussion with worldwide representatives in the audience helped to further underline additional aspects, such as the importance of long-term funding and capacity building. Other discussed topics included innovative financing solutions (including bottom-up or neighborhood projects as well as micro-finance) and smart usage of data and pathway forecasts.<br />
Indeed, according to Danilo Türk (Chair of the Global High-Level Panel on Water and Peace, former
President of Slovenia), international funds for water projects (dubbed "Blue Funds" by a Senegalese participant) could contribute to achieving SDG 6 by 2030, in addition to water strategies that empower "each member of the investment community" to participate in local projects.<br />
When asked about interconnections between SDG 6 and other SDGs, Claudia Sadoff mentioned, in addition to her statements on water-related aspects of agriculture and smart cities, that SDG 6 is also deeply linked to SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). Not only can solar-powered sanitation help to address water pollution, but most renewable energies also require much less water for cooling purposes, compared to thermal and nuclear power plants.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HLPF review session on SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). Photo: EUPlanet</td></tr>
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<br />
This was also reiterated during the three-hour <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=20000&nr=4139&menu=2993">session </a>of in-depth review of SDG 7, on Tuesday July 11th. Notably, Adnan Z. Amin (Director-General, the International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA) and Hans Olav Ibrekk (Policy Director, Energy and Climate Change, Norwegian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs) emphasized the link between SDG 6 and SDG 7, as well as the potential benefits of renewable energies.<br />
Many panelists and participants shared an optimistic outlook on the dynamic growth of clean energy solutions, particularly in the field of electricity, where renewables and batteries achieved remarkable cost reductions (and are poised to continue to do so, according to Amin). Furthermore, the share of access to electricity among the world's population has grown from 78% to 87% from 2000 to 2016, while the absolute number of people living without access to electricity is now below 1 billion. In this context, the role of off-grid solutions should also be highlighted: according to Amin, 50% of those who will gain access to electricity between now and 2030 will do so thanks to off-grid solutions such as mini- and microgrids or stand-alone photovoltaics.<br />
However, it was also highlighted that the world is not yet on track to address the issue of safe, clean and affordable energy for cooking. According to the UN's <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/19841SDG7_Highlights.updated_format.pdf">statement</a>, "41 per cent of the world's population (almost 3 billion people) continue to lack access to clean cooking solutions. From 2000 to 2016, 1.4 billion people gained access to clean cooking fuels and technologies. However, these advancements were mostly offset by population growth during this period. Almost 4 million people, mostly women and children, are dying annually due to household air pollution due to inefficient cooking". The urgency of this grave situation was emphasized by a large number of participants and panelists. As Sheila Oparaocha (Executive Director of ENERGIA, Zambia) argued, this issue also requires a thorough analysis of home/kitchen design and food-related processes, as well as a critical reassessment of gender dynamics. <br />
Furthermore, as pointed out by Laurence Tubiana (CEO of the European Climate Foundation), despite positive trends in the energy industry, the "battle is not won yet", as worldwide energy-related carbon emissions increased in 2017 instead of decreasing. Tubiana argued that additional efforts were needed, such as achieving a carbon-free electricity supply on a global scale by 2050, building on current progress in renewables integration and grid management. Similarly, Amin affirmed that about 1 trillion USD of worldwide clean energy investments would be needed every year in order to reach the SDG 7 goal by 2030; those investments would by worthwile, according to Amin, given their vital impact on sustainable development.<br />
Further topics discussed by panelists and participants were carbon-free transportation, bottom-up empowerment and gender aspects of energy strategies, innovative financing solutions, carbon pricing, the role of nuclear energy, carbon emissions from mineral exploration industries, the role of subsidies for renewables and fossil fuels, and clean energy as a motor for power reliability, job creation and economic diversification, especially in developing countries. The importance of Research & Development efforts was also underlined by a participant from South Korea (citing for example Artifical Intelligence and Cloud technologies) and by the host Amin, quoting in particular e-mobility as one of the main fields of research on emerging clean energy technologies.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Testing device for quality assessments of solar cookers. Photo: EUPlanet</td></tr>
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<br />
Concerning the much-discussed dire need for clean cooking solutions, several NGOs presented their projects during an event on Thursday, July 12th. For instance, <a href="http://www.solarcookers.org/index.php">Solar Cookers International (SCI)</a> developed the testing device shown above, allowing this NGO to test various solar cooking devices from any manufacturer, in order to ensure industry-wide quality standards and comparability. This testing device is compliant with the ISO standards for performance measurement in cooking devices, which were adopted only a few weeks ago.<br />
In addition, SCI and <a href="https://solarcities.solutions/">Solar Cities</a> presented some of their work in Haiti, empowering local communities to embrace biodigesters and solar cookers in order to solve the country's energy shortage and to create opportunities for community engagement and economic development. The <a href="http://www.ppafoundation.org/">Public-Private Alliance Foundation (PPAF)</a>, which initiated the event, also presented some of their experiences of working in <a href="http://www.ppafoundation.org/haiti.html">Haiti</a>, through renewable energy projects such as biodigesters and solar cookers, or through microfinance, handicraft and manufacturing.<br />
A silent auction was also organized, in order to raise funds for new projects in Haiti, allowing participants to buy Haitian items such as paintings, rum, handicraft.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paintings at the Haitian benefit auction. Photo: EUPlanet</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqolX2fFKe-wb6s7oBlb7LbSCUJlB0Fdvhn409jUzQcPChIhyphenhyphen5A8d6XAm0YB0k1_pFRTeeD-hFNCpzfmdAXlbq0Xag5qdIE2LMahBzqgLWMcX9mrWCVrMKggGPrOv_Lqb3CxYEcVHXIHVP/s1600/rum+tasting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="596" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqolX2fFKe-wb6s7oBlb7LbSCUJlB0Fdvhn409jUzQcPChIhyphenhyphen5A8d6XAm0YB0k1_pFRTeeD-hFNCpzfmdAXlbq0Xag5qdIE2LMahBzqgLWMcX9mrWCVrMKggGPrOv_Lqb3CxYEcVHXIHVP/s320/rum+tasting.jpg" width="197" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rum-tasting for the auction, as well as Solar Cities information material. Photo: EUPlanet</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Indeed, many more efforts are needed to reach the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Many of today's technologies and habits will have to evolve, and a lot of investments will be needed. Yet, remarkable coordination efforts are being carried out at the United Nations, and many individuals are committed to implement concrete projects that improve people's lives and empower them to create their own solutions and opportunities.JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-41479251297669193022018-06-18T21:33:00.001-07:002018-06-19T22:52:23.806-07:00The role of blockchain technology in the energy transitionBy JJB<br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This
week, on Monday June 18th, the <a href="http://www.germaninnovation.org/">German Center for Research and Innovation (GCRI)</a> and the
<a href="https://www.hs-fresenius.de/">Fresenius University of Applied Sciences</a> organized a symposium on “The Role of
Blockchain in the Energy Transition”, which took place at <a href="https://www.hubatgct.com/">Grand Central Tech</a> in
Manhattan, New York.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Blockchain
technology promises critical progress for the energy sector. Indeed,
blockchains could improve system reliability and reduce operating costs, thanks
to new types of interactions between the power system, its users, and
distributed energy resources (DERs) such as photovoltaic rooftop installations,
heat pumps, electric vehicles or electricity storage. This would also represent
an opportunity to enhance overall system efficiency and to share the economic
surpluses arising from better resource utilization. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">However,
blockchain technology continues to evolve and projects with different levels of
maturity are being discussed on both sides of the Atlantic. Therefore, the
symposium’s panel of experts discussed a range of key insights for a better understanding of blockchain and its potential for the energy sector.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">First of
all, what is a blockchain? Kicking off the main event, Jens Strüker from the
<a href="https://www.hs-fresenius.de/">Fresenius University of Applied Sciences</a> described it this way: “A
cryptonetwork is a decentralized network built on top of the internet that
provides a wide variety of digital services. Tokens are the internal currency
of cryptonetworks, and the incentive mechanism which enables them to function.
Blockchain is the underlying technology [of those cryptonetworks and their
tokens]”. Strüker highlighted specific features which blockchain technology aims to deliver, such
as increased efficiency (higher speed, less layers) compared to intermediate
platform exchanges, better control over data exchanges and other benefits that are specific
to the token-based approach of blockchains (such as: immediate remuneration,
better incentives for participation in the network and for investing in the
network).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In a
pre-recorded presentation, Ashley Pilipiszyn (from Stanford's <a href="https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/">SLAC</a>) described
some of her research on Crypto Control for Power Systems. By reducing the
amount of verification necessary to proof that a certain service was indeed
carried out (“Proof-of-Work”, used for example by BitCoin) or that it was monitored
correctly (“Proof-of-Authority”), Pilipiszyn’s “Proof-of-Control” concept reduces
the blockchain’s energy consumption. Indeed, this blockchain technology only
needs to verify that sufficient controls were in place during a given interaction.
According to Pilipiszyn, this could become an efficient solution for power
system functionalities such as forecasting, scheduling, dispatch and frequency
regulation.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Colleen
Metelitsa (<a href="https://www.greentechmedia.com/research">GTM Research</a>) presented several existing use cases for blockchains in the
energy sector, including electric vehicle charging (for instance, the ambitious
“Oslo2Rome” project, using an Ethereum blockchain), wholesale power trading (for
example: 39 companies have been taking part in a pilot project, using a Tendermint blockchain), distribution
management, grid flexibility (e.g.: transmission system operator TenneT will be able to manage residential storage units through a Hyperledger
blockchain) and cybersecurity. Metelitsa argued, more generally speaking, that
blockchains could be used to optimize multiple market participation options for
DERs and also to remunerate them immediately.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Andrew Reid
(<a href="https://www.coned.com/en">ConEdison</a>), who recently won an <a href="https://www.coned.com/en/about-con-edison/media/news/20180213/con-edison-researchers-win-awards-for-solar-microgrid-and-cyber-studies">award</a> for his research on microgrids,
presented ConEdison’s approach to redefining the utility business model, by integrating
DERs and by designing and implementing new management processes that
maximize the value of innovation for ConEdison. According to Reid, blockchain
technologies will be an essential part of this strategy. He also announced an upcoming
ConEdison report on blockchain implementation in the power sector, and on use cases
that could prove to unlock substantial energy benefits.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Scott
Kessler (<a href="https://lo3energy.com/">LO3 Energy</a>) presented his company’s blockchain technology Exergy,
aiming to be a DSO-operated demand-response and grid services platform that
understands the time- and place-dependent value of DER grid injections, and
that moves towards a system based on grid efficiency. In addition, his company’s
work on local community microgrids enabled the “first-ever energy transaction
through a blockchain”, according to Kessler. He also emphasized the industry’s need to continue their research efforts for new, profitable business
models. Kessler also argued that different layers of blockchain could very well
go hand in hand: local ones could be used for specific or urgent local interventions,
whereas larger blockchains could be used to ensure system optimization. In a similarly
cooperative spirit, he highlighted that the aim of LO3 Energy was not to create
a single turnkey-ready blockchain product for the worldwide market, but rather to
accompany utilities in their deployment of blockchain-based solutions,
harnessing their employees’ knowledge of local constraints and imperatives.</span></div>
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JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-57756910020412584682018-06-07T20:58:00.001-07:002018-06-08T13:14:11.817-07:00United Nations - Forum on Science, Technology and InnovationBy JJB <br />
<br />
This week, the third annual Forum on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) took place at the United Nation's headquarters in New York. This forum is also known as the "<a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/TFM/STIForum2018/">annual collaborative Multi-stakeholder Forum on science, technology and innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</a>". Indeed, the United Nations adopted <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300">17 SDGs</a> in order to structure and coordinate the world's efforts to reach the <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld">2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a>. The Forum on STI is part of the <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/tfm">Technology Facilitation Mechanism</a> that aims to support the efforts of reaching the SDGs. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD3v6f9EwaJSAKB3qcKgRtHoAV9MOIct3FsPgG1tElMEa-ixLmXo6CRMe6qiLMZjzNhIV-dWtHtp5PQQygPi_uP8Sg-DFvUytaxBvD9h2-rItsiiw0Z8ZW-BYZasPWoO4ClhiM8pTEFz-L/s1600/STI+pic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="897" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD3v6f9EwaJSAKB3qcKgRtHoAV9MOIct3FsPgG1tElMEa-ixLmXo6CRMe6qiLMZjzNhIV-dWtHtp5PQQygPi_uP8Sg-DFvUytaxBvD9h2-rItsiiw0Z8ZW-BYZasPWoO4ClhiM8pTEFz-L/s320/STI+pic1.jpg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Banner of the STI Forum at the UN Headquarters</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
A large variety of topics were discussed during the STI Forum, thus reflecting the fact that the SDGs are multidisciplinary and cut across all sectors of economy and society.<br />
For example, during the panel discussion on SDG 6 (sustainable management of water and sanitation for all), <span class="st">Hungarian Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the UN, Katalin Annamaria Bogyay, </span>argued that this goal needed to be addressed systematically, by strategies that are also closely linked to SDG 5 (gender equality).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY34i9-dy97vPI9cjcdSzHkZBI6i-W5a3XmlhpOAl0oCVwAhhP_F3kQbuo2O27CqhxIa4tCLHemcLe5Nud3xa_I3eWr9YL6HaFetYrp4Z5Y5S2s59IjfKSH77N6d1lsHvJjVwa00gGqxph/s1600/STI+pic2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="897" data-original-width="1594" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY34i9-dy97vPI9cjcdSzHkZBI6i-W5a3XmlhpOAl0oCVwAhhP_F3kQbuo2O27CqhxIa4tCLHemcLe5Nud3xa_I3eWr9YL6HaFetYrp4Z5Y5S2s59IjfKSH77N6d1lsHvJjVwa00gGqxph/s400/STI+pic2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Discussion in the UN's large auditorium 4 on SDG 11: Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Despite the interdependent nature of sustainability and the SDGs, this blog article will focus on some main aspects around the Food-Water-Energy nexus, which was also the topic of this blog's <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2018/05/upcoming-article.html">previous post</a>.<br />
<br />
The interconnection between food-, water- and energy-related sustainability efforts was highlighted for example during the session on SDG 12 (sustainable consumption and production patterns). The <a href="http://ingatree.org/">Inga Foundation presented their projects promoting soil- and water-improvements by planting Inga Trees</a> as agricultural component, allowing farmers to escape the vicious cycle of poverty and Slash-and-Burn practices in rain forest areas, therefore also reducing deforestation and protecting biodiversity.<br />
The trend of decentralization, as well as its opportunities for enhancing sustainability, were discussed in the same session, for example by NYU energy researchers and by urban farming experts from Madagascar.<br />
In the follow-up session on SDG 15 (sustainable terrestrial ecosystems), Inger Elisabeth Måren, from the University of Bergen, Norway, laid out a similar argument in favor of local and indigenous agricultural knowledge. According to Måren, those smaller local farms, their surroundings and other decentralized sources still provide a majority of the global food supply, while the share of big argicultural corporations is still much smaller than one might expect. Harnessing and empowering this local knowledge could foster biodiversity and agricultural efficiency in unique ways, as many speakers of the STI Forum agreed. In contrast, new technologies such as Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence were seen on the one hand as very promising, game-changing opportunities, but on the other hand also as a threat to jobs in particular in countries identified as Least Developed Countries (LDCs), where many rely on small-scale farming.<br />
<br />
This underlined once more the importance of keeping an effective overview and a (sustainability-oriented) control of development strategies and their multiple effects across all economic and society sectors. In this spirit, Jack Metthey (Deputy Director-General for Research and Innovation of the European Commission) for example highlighted the importance of tackling energy and climate issues in a comprehensive way, and Jim Watson (Director of UK Energy Research Centre and University of Sussex) argued that high-level sustainability roadmaps may be important, but that capacity building was almost equally as important. As examples for capacity building measures, Watson quoted for instance training and human resources, efficient institutions capable to follow up on implementation progress, as well as a sufficient long-term funding.JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-22139096003871845722018-05-27T11:21:00.000-07:002018-06-02T17:04:51.931-07:00Scientific Symposium - Zero Carbon Cities and Food-Water-Energy Nexus ResearchBy JJB<br />
<br />
On Friday, June 1st 2018, a scientific symposium kicked off a week of workshops and discussions about "<a href="http://www.ensource.de/index.php/en/anmelden-97135">The City of Tomorrow</a>". Organized by the US-German CITYtrans / Zero Carbon City network (in cooperation with the New York University, the City University of New York and the German Center for Research and Innovation, and with support of the German Federal government), these events bring together research partners from the US and Germany to exchange knowledge and elaborate new projects.<br />
<br />
The kick-off event on Friday was an opportunity to debate about research challenges and solutions for sustainable urban districts, thanks to researchers sharing their most recent insights and thanks to presentations from young scientists who participated
in the week-long Urban Summer School in New York City, showcasing their case studies on carbon reduction strategies for a Downtown
Brooklyn neighborhood district.<br />
<br />
As Ursula Eicker from the Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences (HFT Stuttgart) pointed out during her keynote at the beginning of the event, cities have a major impact on the way we consume energy, so the goal of becoming a "Zero Carbon City" is more and more important for cities across the globe. Yet, the exact definition of this goal is not always clear. For example, Eickner explained, the city planners' perspective can change significantly once they start taking into account indirect emissions outside of the city parameter, such as those caused by the food supply chain. Therefore, in order to address sustainability issues more holistically, the event tackled not only energy-related topics but also water- and food-related topics ("Food-Water-Energy Nexus" or "FWE").<br />
<br />
In addition, as Detlef Kurth from the University of Kaiserslautern underlined in his key note, social aspects also need to be considered by city planners when working on improvements for the FWE Nexus. Negative side effects or gentrification-related issues should be avoided while improving sustainability, he argued. He also outlined methodological differences that exist in the urban planning approaches (particularly in terms of Zero Carbon Cities) in Northern and Southern Europe and in the Anglo-Saxon countries - differences that may also encourage us to look at things from a different angle.<br />
<br />
Volker Coors from HFT Stuttgart then described advantages of 3D modelling for sustainable city strategies, as well as the importance of efficient data gathering and processing. Indeed, the quality of the data as well as the analytical tools are decisive in order to produce insights that support cities on their path to carbon neutrality.<br />
<br />
Teams of young researchers went then on to present results from their Urban Summer School case studies. They also outlined concepts for model-based tools that could provide efficient decision-support for zero carbon strategies, if further research efforts were deployed. <br />
Indeed, the researchers presented insights on energy-related and demographic statistics of the Borough Hall district in Brooklyn, as well as the district's potentials for energy efficiency and renewable energy. In addition, the district's food industry was analyzed, highlighting on the one hand the sector's energy consumption and transport-related carbon emissions, and on the other hand its potential for electricity production through bioenergy from food waste. The sewage in the close-by Red Hook wastewater treatment plant was identified as another important potential for bioenergy, able to cover a majority of the plant's electricity needs if combined with bioenergy from food waste.<br />
Building on these results, a case study by another team of researchers then analyzed possible scenarios for a 80% to 100% carbon-free energy mix in the Borough Hall district. Their results suggested that this target was feasible, albeit a certain amount of energy imports remained necessary as well as flexibilization efforts in order to make this scenario more cost-efficient.<br />
The potential for a higher share of electrity-based heating, particularly through heat pumps, was also discussed, as a solution that may be complementary to other flexibilization and decarbonization efforts.<br />
<br />
Further to these presentations, Dieter Hertweck from Reutlingen University, described challenges and opportunities of digitalization and new business models in the FWE Nexus. As he pointed out, utilities are increasingly facing a platform-based shift of their industry, very similar to the experience of other industries, such as the car industry and the retail/supermarket landscape as new services such as UBER and Amazon continue to gain ground. Researchers can and should support businesses with data-based insights and qualitative advice as their traditional business models evolve, Herweck argues, pointing to recent achievements in his university's "Research Lab for Digital Business". This way, according to Herweck, efficiency gains and increased sustainability can go hand in hand - even in less industrialized regions, or rather: in particular in those regions. <br />
<br />
The kick-off event was concluded
by Michael Bobker from the CUNY Building Performance Lab, discussing the overall challenges and opportunities of "Zero Carbon Cities" as well as the ambivalence of this concept, thus rounding off the symposium by reflecting on the presented results and some aspects of Ursula Eicker's initial key note.<br />
<br />
The series of workshops and debates is <a href="http://www.ensource.de/index.php/en/anmelden-97135">still ongoing until Thursday, June 7th,</a><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpCLgajlCdiBaBKbJgQe_Bs_jR01EsfBMPMTvfYjXQdsQsPigqXc4ptTSXP8zq5_NYWCSWOkfXNf9gv-G01xSH8eXbrM8ZgQMUeqmy_VJwrTwjfQ7mESibGuPy7bjswn6llaLCKeBkp5m-/s1600/NYU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="954" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpCLgajlCdiBaBKbJgQe_Bs_jR01EsfBMPMTvfYjXQdsQsPigqXc4ptTSXP8zq5_NYWCSWOkfXNf9gv-G01xSH8eXbrM8ZgQMUeqmy_VJwrTwjfQ7mESibGuPy7bjswn6llaLCKeBkp5m-/s400/NYU.jpg" width="237" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Venue of the symposium: NYU 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-44788863506345010442017-12-11T09:49:00.001-08:002017-12-11T14:01:03.285-08:00Resposta de demanda elétrica: experiências no Brasil e na Alemanha<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Por
JJB</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A
flexibilidade do sistema elétrico está muito presente nas discussões sobre o
futuro energético. Efectivamente, o impacto da produção das
energias renováveis é frequentemente </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">imprevisível</span></span>. De mesmo, o consumo elétrico das novas innovações, como por exemplo os
veículos elétricos, pode ter consequências desconhecidas sobre o sistema. E essas tecnologias vão avançar ainda mais no futuro.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mas
apesar da importância das grandes visões estratégicas à maneira de Tesla,
Google e Uber, também vale a pena perguntar qual é a situação atual dos
primeros projetos de flexibilidade. <span lang="FR">De fato, já
existem primeros projetos de <b>Resposta da Demanda</b>, ajustando a procura à produção
elétrica, sem precisar de blockchain ou de grandes innovações no armazenamento
da energia elétrica.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR">Resposta da
Demanda no Brasil</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Tradicionalmente no Brasil, a energia hidráulica
tem uma posição dominante. Esse tipo de energia já dispõe de um grau importante
de flexibilidade intrínseca, visto que a água pode ser armenazada antes da
produção elétrica. Isso também significa que os preços no mercado elétrico não
estão incentivando a criação de novas capacidades de flexibilidade (veja por
exemplo <a href="https://www.ieee-pes.org/presentations/gm2015/PESGM2015P-001977.pdf">essa presentação da IEEE PES</a>). </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Todavia, a energia hidráulica também conhece limitações,
seja no potencial de armazenamento de cada barragem, seja no potencial
geográfico, ou ainda nos fatores ambientais e sociais que podem entravar a
construção de novas barragens. Além disso, o consumo elétrico brasileiro <a href="http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2017-08/consumo-de-energia-eletrica-no-pais-cresce-11-em-junho-e-04-no-semestre">não para de crescer</a>. Assim, o Brasil começou a explorar a resposta de demanda, afim
de ajustar a procura elétrica à produção.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Nesse contexto, o Brasil introduziu bandeiras tarifárias. Quando as
condições são menos favoráveis à produção elétrica, o preço vai subir. <a href="http://www.aneel.gov.br/bandeiras-tarifarias">Há quatro níveis diferentes</a>: a bandeira verde (= condições favoráveis, ent</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">ã</span></span></span>o acréscimo de tarifa de 0 R$), a bandeira
amarela (</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">acréscimo de tarifa de 0.01 R$)</span></span></span>, a bandeira vermelha patamar 1 </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">(</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">acréscimo de tarifa de 0.03 R$) </span></span></span></span></span></span>e por fim a bandeira vermelha patamar 2 (= condições
muito desfavoráveis, acréscimo de tarifa de 0.05 R$/kWh ou seja 0.01€/kWh). Para o mês de Dezembro 2017, a bandeira tarifária é a bandeira
vermelha patamar 1.</span></span></span><br />
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Outras medidas de Resposta da Demanda es</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">tão em discuss</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">ão.</span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span>Porém, hoje em dia, o sistema brasileiro ainda não chega a incentivar as reduções de consumo de
maneira direta. Quando as condições não estiverem favoráveis,
uma redução do consumo só pode impedir que o valor da conta do consumidor
aumente. O consumidor brasileiro ainda não pode ganhar dinheiro com uma redução
do consumo, mesmo que ela seja útil para o sistema elétrico.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Assim, vale a pena comparar o caso brasileiro com o da
Alemanha. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR">Resposta da
Demanda na Alemanha</span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Na Alemanha, o progresso da energia solar e das turbinas eólicas
significa que uma parte importante da produção elétrica é relativamente imprevisível.
Assim, há situações de producão excessiva e otras situações de produção
insuficiente. No âmbito da sua estratégia energética, a Alemanha introduziu, em
2013, a <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ablav_2016/BJNR198400016.html">Lei sobre os acordos de consumo interruptível</a> (chamada "AbLaV").
Por conseguinte, os grandes consumidores elegíveis podiam pedir a participar
num programa remunerando a disponibilidade para uma redução de consumo. Quando
estiver realmente necessário reduzir o consumo, o participante deve ser pronto
para agir em somente alguns segundos (tipo 1: "interrupção imediata") ou em 15
minutos (tipo 2: "interrupção rápida"). </span><span lang="EN-US">A oferta mínima é uma
redução de 5 MW no consumo do participante.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Essa "lei AbLaV" suscitou muitos debates, a
oposição parlamentária achando que o dispositivo beneficia só os grandes
consumidores. Até a BNetzA, a agência reguladora alemã, repetiu nas suas análises
que os mercados já existentes da eletricidade seríam suficientes para
incentivar esse tipo de redução de consumo dos grandes indústrias… e isso a um
custo muito inferior ao custo da "lei AbLaV". </span></span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Todávia, o governo alemão já prolongou várias vezes
esta lei que inicialmente deveria ser só um projeto-piloto de 2013 a 2015. Na
versão atual, a “lei AbLaV” permanece em vigor até Julho 2022 pelo menos. </span></span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Mas visto que é um projeto com um tamanho limitado, <a href="https://www.netztransparenz.de/EnWG/Abschaltbare-Lasten-Umlage/Abschaltbare-Lasten-Umlagen-Uebersicht/AbLaV-Umlage-2017">o custo em 2017 era só de 0.006 ct€/kWh</a>, (seja 0.00006 €/kWh ou em Reais 0.00023 R$/kWh), significando por ano 0.29 € </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">(ou 1.13 R$) </span></span></span>para uma família média. Isso é muito mais
barato do que quase todos otros programas energéticos da Alemanha, e então não há muita
polémica sobre a vontade do governo alemão de prolongar esse projeto-piloto.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span lang="FR">Conclusão</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">O Brasil e a Alemanha começaram a explorar diferentes opções para aumentar a
flexibilidade do sistema elétrico. No Brasil, as medidas visam todos os
consumidores, enquanto que na Alemanha, visam só um grupo muito limitado. As duas
estratégias têm vantagens e desvantagens. Contudo, elas podem nos ajudar para
aprender mais sobre as opções de flexibilidade. É necessário continuar a pesquisa e o diálogo
entre os países e entre as diferentes estratégias.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
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<![endif]-->JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-42564786275241482992017-11-28T05:07:00.002-08:002017-11-29T19:33:44.278-08:00Local Energy Transitions, City Planning and Business Models<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">By JJB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Energy
transition continues to be a much-discussed topic, and local developments and cities
play a crucial role for its implementation. But as this industry keeps on growing, solid methods and business
models are needed in order to make sure that these changes, as well as profit,
are made in a sustainable way. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">That is why
a large number of researchers and entrepreneurs followed the invitation of the
<a href="http://www.germaninnovation.org/">German Center for Research and Innovation (GCRI)</a> and the <a href="http://www.hft-stuttgart.de/">HFT Stuttgart</a> to
gather at the <a href="https://www.hubatgct.com/">Urban Tech Hub</a> by <a href="https://grandcentraltech.com/">Grand Central Tech</a> in New York City on November 27<sup>th</sup>
and 28<sup>th</sup>, in order to discuss about “Energy Systems and Business
Models for a Sustainable Urban Transformation” and, on a more technical level, “Urban
Energy Systems and 3D Modeling for Low Carbon Cities”.</span> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLyDSELQf0wP9kO9irIMR2gsz7GhXvT31ZbSAwEdgdUOLWTWs1h0XuvJj9OCPKGvUCt3ajh5ANRPvjBbX0l-DQ42vZGUy1WtBx_grAK_QkLAxhYxjwjsXSONIriJAZGqBUTFBNZGv6ibIH/s1600/sparks+flying.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1002" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLyDSELQf0wP9kO9irIMR2gsz7GhXvT31ZbSAwEdgdUOLWTWs1h0XuvJj9OCPKGvUCt3ajh5ANRPvjBbX0l-DQ42vZGUy1WtBx_grAK_QkLAxhYxjwjsXSONIriJAZGqBUTFBNZGv6ibIH/s640/sparks+flying.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sparkling energy (can you spot the metal workers in the above pictures?), architecture and city planning were at the center of discussions at Grand Central Tech and could also be observed outside, in a neigborhood full of energy.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ursula
Eicker from the <a href="http://www.hft-stuttgart.de/">Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences (HFT)</a> and its <a href="http://www.hft-stuttgart.de/Forschung/Kompetenzen/zafh/index.html/en?set_language=en&cl=en">Reseach Center of Sustainable Energy TEchnologies (zafh)</a> in Germany provided
results from energy research and 3D city modeling aiming to improve urban
energy planning and demand response.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Richard
Graves from DC-based <a href="https://cleanchoiceenergy.com/">CleanChoice Energy</a> shared insights from his company’s
experience as one of the largest direct-to-consumer renewable retail energy
providers in the United States. For instance, their <a href="https://cleanchoiceenergy.com/community-solar/national/">Community Solar</a> program allows
clients to save on their bills by purchasing power from a close-by solar farm,
without having to provide a roof space and without switching the utility provider.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tooraj
Arvajeh and his team from <a href="http://blocpower.io/">Blocpower </a>presented their young company’s work,
bringing energy efficiency, solar energy and other sustainable housing upgrades
to underserved neighborhoods in New York and the US, while also analyzing the benefits
of microgrids for challenged territories such as Puerto Rico and its ongoing power outages after the devastating 2017 hurricane season. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Michele
Lunati explained how <a href="https://potluckenergy.com/">Potluck Energy</a> works as broker bringing together roofing
contractors, solar developers and owners of roof spaces, thanks to a
patent-pending roof sensor system which allows to prevent roof leaks while tapping
into the unused economic potential of roof spaces.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dieter
Hertweck, from the <a href="http://www.hhz.de/en/research/">Hollerith Research Center and Graduate School for DigitalBusiness (HHZ)</a> in Reutlingen, Germany, presented case studies on the benefits
of distributed energy solutions. These benefits included local energy
resiliency, optimized market value of solar power via batteries and blockchain,
and a mid-sized town in Germany which created a virtuous cycle by combining circular
economy and local energy planning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Felix Thumm
from <a href="http://transsolar.com/de">Transsolar </a>introduced the audience to several projects of
climate-responsive urban design and architecture. In the case of a large campus
building in Winnipeg, Canada, these eco- and user-friendly concepts not only helped to reduce energy
consumption drastically, but also improved reported well-being of employees
within the building. Even a reduction of 1.25 less sick days per employee per
year was observed. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHtrovTOt6Ua3iAjLKoc4ouLTY1dqV7Bbu1uKcvT0H1lgddKEFk1NORR0tABfpkTKrRe8_Yu0J0poumTnsCZaLNw05IALfmbzjdjTLzgc_a4VQ6f0MrCujeqKHpnqSNm1W1VPiKc0eKmz3/s1600/G+C+T.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="151" data-original-width="201" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHtrovTOt6Ua3iAjLKoc4ouLTY1dqV7Bbu1uKcvT0H1lgddKEFk1NORR0tABfpkTKrRe8_Yu0J0poumTnsCZaLNw05IALfmbzjdjTLzgc_a4VQ6f0MrCujeqKHpnqSNm1W1VPiKc0eKmz3/s320/G+C+T.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picture taken from <a href="https://www.hubatgct.com/">HUB at GCT</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bernd
Thomas from <a href="https://www.reutlingen-university.de/en/home/">Reutlingen University</a>, Germany, explained how Micro-CHP, solar energy
and batteries can benefit from each other. One of his results showed that if
adding Micro-CHP to a solar PV and battery combination, the battery may be much
smaller (and thus cheaper) than if the Micro-CHP was left out, while still
attaining the same degree of self-consumption.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ahmed
Mohamed from the <a href="https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/research/gsoe">City College of New York</a> provided updates on research on
improved microgrid control, reconciling the benefits of decentralized and
centralized approaches.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Matthew
Sachs from <a href="https://www.peakpowerenergy.com/">Peak Power</a> described his company’s contributions to peak shaving
powered by machine learning, which has the potential to reduce the public cost
of infrastructure development while also reducing individual utility bills.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alfred
Helble from <a href="http://ah-consult.com/en/">AH Consult</a>, based in Stuttgart, Germany, shed a light on cost-saving
strategies for waste water treatment plants thanks to energy planning, including
for example biogas production.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Many
participants voiced that they were impressed by the large number of insights and
by the fact that many obstacles and goals are actually commonly shared by many projects
in both America and in Germany. The talks were accompanied by lively
discussions with the audience and were concluded with a closing reception as well as discussions on follow-up projects to further foster the transatlantic
energy dialog. </span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyyj_s7PziBI7_r3CnJBq7zKduO2WYRT1eP_kae1SeNb8cN6O3aQz5F8tmtGV6g1Nv_GYJwiNJ9oyZI9qUlFKK6VDX3PvIYmjIYTir5tSYbm2ZObCzfYlnyHtfpClUWfSTfBDvX2wzj1ON/s1600/Building+at+night.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyyj_s7PziBI7_r3CnJBq7zKduO2WYRT1eP_kae1SeNb8cN6O3aQz5F8tmtGV6g1Nv_GYJwiNJ9oyZI9qUlFKK6VDX3PvIYmjIYTir5tSYbm2ZObCzfYlnyHtfpClUWfSTfBDvX2wzj1ON/s320/Building+at+night.jpg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://grandcentraltech.com/">Grand Central Tech</a> by night, in the city that never sleeps.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<![endif]-->JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-33207028997163363002017-10-29T15:29:00.002-07:002017-12-08T09:26:31.865-08:00Creative challenges as a key to lifeby JJB<br />
<br />
What do The Beatles' "Sergeant Pepper", David Bowie, Punk Rock's year of 1977 and Fleetwood Mac's "The Chain" have in common?<br />
<br />
Well, they all had their anniversaries in this year of 2017.<br />
But there's more. They can tell us something about how important it is in life to be able to overcome obstacles in your own creative way, and to pursue new challenges...<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>1. "Sergeant Pepper" and "The Chain"</b></u><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Let’s start
off with the Beatles‘ „Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band”, celebrating
this year its 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary since its release in Summer 1967. At
this occasion, numerous publications revisited the album’s supposed secret
messages and its indeed massive impact on Rock and Pop, as well as on the graphic
design and the sheer conceptual design of music albums in general. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An
interesting aspect that’s sometimes overlooked is the very idea of creating a
fake military band and putting them at the front line of attention, having them
sing the opening and (near-)closing tracks of the album. Maybe the Beatles needed
a break from being the legends they’d become? Having experienced a considerable
exposure to the stress and pressure of music business, it must have seem
appealing for the Beatles to put up a barrier between their creative process
and the expectations of the outside world. The typical Rock & Roll
attitudes and gestures, which had been a force of liberation some years ago,
were now becoming clichés. Why not leave it up to another band to the fulfill
those standard tasks (like a Sergeant would fulfill his duty), while leaving
the expression of true artistry to the Beatles? What better way to make a
statement about the dilemma of “authenticity versus accessibility” than to
frame this album with a (fake) recorded live concert from an imaginary band?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In some
aspects, a similar creative process may have been applied when Fleetwood Mac
recorded their song “The Chain”, which was released in early 1977, marking its
40<sup>th</sup> anniversary this year. It is the only song of the album
credited to all five band members and is an assembly of different individual musical
contributions that initially didn’t seem to fit together. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The songs’
meaning can be interpreted in many ways, for example as a love song. But it is
also quite interesting to see the track as a reflection about the band itself.
After all, the etymology of the word “band” refers to something that holds
things together, so why shouldn’t we translate “The Chain” by “The Band” in
this case? Many personal and emotional tensions had built up among the band’s
members and yet they tried to make things work, to stay true to the commitment
they had made to themselves and to each other… for the sake of their music. That
is why after initial part full of reproach and hurt feelings (“Damn your love,
damn your lies / And if you don’t love me now / You will never love me again”)
they can, at the end of the process, renew their unity as artists, despite
having to acknowledge that everybody also has their darker side (“Chain, keep
us together! / Running in the shadows”). And indeed in this case, the chain really
does hold all those different pieces together… at least for the duration of
this powerful track.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u><b>TLDR </b></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Standing up
against pressure of expectations may not always be easy, but it can help you to
find out what really matters to you and foster it. Whether excessive pressure
arises from the outside world (as described for Sgt. Pepper) or from within (as
described for The Chain), it does not necessarily have to be the end for your
endeavors. Overcoming it can even spark your creativity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><u><b> 2) Punk Rock and David Bowie</b></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What does
Punk Rock’s eruption in 1977 have to do with all of this? Well, some might
argue that it was a similar revolution against a society that, despite its
proclaimed liberalism, put an excessive amount of pressure on the individual,
in the form of social and economic expectations. Others might have questioned
whether the radicalism and obscenity of 1977 Punk Rock were really necessary. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Regardless
of these questions: It is interesting to note that despite Punk Rock’s refuse
of traditions and norms, and despite its emphasis on anarchy and
anti-intellectualism, it always had very strong connections to art genres such
as Expressionism and Dadaism (which in their time were, in a way, provocative
youth movements of their own). Maybe there is such a thing as a constant
generational need to seek a complete rupture from tradition? </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After all, and despite its negative connotations, “Punk” is about to become a term that also designates anything or anyone who
does things differently, who seeks disruption rather than tradition. This trend can for example be illustrated by the term "Business Punk", which is the title of a <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Business-Punks-Break-Rules-BrewDog/dp/1101979925">book about disrupting the beer industry</a>, and which is also the name
of a <a href="http://www.business-punk.com/">German business magazine</a> and an <a href="https://businesspunks.com/">online fashion store</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
importance of blocking off the weight of expectations and norms can be seen
very strikingly in David Bowie’s last album, “Blackstar”, celebrating this year
its 1 year anniversary, whereas Bowie’s self-titled first album from 1967 turns
50 this year. January 2017 would also have been Bowie’s 70th birthday.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While it became clear that his
cancer progressed to a very serious and final stage, Bowie put many efforts into the creation of a
piece of art that would outlast his death or at least give a meaning to his
death that could help him go in piece. This is particularly explicit in
“Lazarus”, the album’s first single (and also the title of a musical Bowie was
working on simultaneously). As a matter of fact, in “Lazarus”, the lyrics start
with “Look up here / I’m in heaven” and the video ends with Bowie disappearing
in a closet. But we also see Bowie being productive as an artist in this video,
and the song’s title refers to the biblical story of Lazarus who was brought
back to life by Jesus. So is it the artist being who we see vanishing here or
the human being? And is it a goodbye forever? In “Blackstar”, the title track
and other single of the album, one central part of the lyrics quotes “Something happened
on the day he died / […] Somebody else took his place, and bravely cried / I’m
a blackstar, I’m a blackstar”. Many discussions tried to decipher the meaning
of the album's “Blackstar” metaphor, but in this particular lyric context, couldn’t it
just refer to something that shines despite the darkness… just like Bowie was
an artist who did not pretend that the dark sides of life didn’t exist, but who
tried to overcome his demons as well as society’s expectations and achieve
greatness nevertheless? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maybe the
legacy of an artist is just like the clothes in a closet that others may still
try on, reinterpret and carry on? Maybe Bowie took some comfort in believing
that his art would be a part of him that will live on? In any case, the posthumously
released track „No Plan“ (also written for the “Lazarus” musical) offers a
comforting yet honest vision of hereafter: even though it is the great unknown,
it must not necessarily be terrifying. It’s just the “no place” (as Bowie calls
it in the song), where all our plans become “no plans”… yet they may live on in
future generations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TLDR</span></b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When facing
his own mortality, what mattered most to Bowie was to accomplish this last work
of artistry… rather than any kind of wild experience of parties, luxury or
vacation. This shows how important it is for us as human beings to be able to
love what we do. While pursuing this, it can be a heavy burden when systems, roles
and norms become too rigid for any truly personal expression, too narrow for
any bandwidth between the individual and the social norm. But facing some
pressure of expectations and conventions is not necessarily a final obstacle; finding
your own way to get over it and focusing on what you really want to do can even
stir your creativity.</span></div>
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<![endif]-->JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-36546990192188422262017-05-31T19:57:00.002-07:002018-07-11T12:20:47.270-07:00New ways of platform collaboration<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By JJB</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The aim of this article is to describe
participation platforms that enable new forms of online collaboration on a
range of sustainability and social projects. However, this is not to endorse
every single project or opinion supported by these platforms. Instead, the goal
is to start listing up platforms that have successfully proven to empower
people to implement projects... in order to help us empower each other. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This list is not exhaustive and shall be updated
whenever possible. Please feel free to reach out or leave a comment if you know
of an initiative that should be included in this list.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://perspective-daily.de/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perspective Daily</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perspective Daily is a German online portal for
constructive journalism. The idea is to support and spread journalism that
analyzes problems and - equally as important - existing, realistisc solutions.
Their goal is to move away from sensational headline-driven journalism, towards
an empowering journalism that improves the lives and actions of their readers.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Solar_Cookers_International_Network_(Home)"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Solar Cookers
International (SCI) - Solar Cooking Wiki</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">SCI's database is a way for users to find solar cooking expertise. On the
one hand, they can do so by clicking on “Build a cooker” or “Buy a cooker”, to
see information on different types of solar thermal cookers and how to purchase
or build them. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On the other hand, they can click on “Find your country”, to see a list of
countries across the world in which projects have already been implemented.
This helps increase visibility and to connect people locally in order to share
their best practices.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This way, the database may bring together people and allow them to promote
projects, discuss and help each other to build the capacity to use solar
cooking as a tool for development and empowerment.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By using the heat of the sun for cooking/making water safe to drink, solar
cookers not only preserve the environment and mitigate severe health problems
caused by smoke intoxication. Solar cookers also allow families and communities
to spend time and money on more rewarding activities, instead of surveilling
the fireplace, spending hours to collect wood or using scarce financial means to purchase fuel or wood.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Moreover, solar cooking is a simple, scalable, affordable way to contribute
to all 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development.<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.globalcitizen.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Global Citizen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">According to their </span><span style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/about/who-we-are/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">website</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">, "Global Citizen is a movement of engaged
citizens who are using their collective voice to end extreme poverty by 2030.
On [their] platform, Global Citizens learn about the systemic causes of extreme
poverty, take action on those issues, and earn rewards for their actions - as
part of a global community committed to lasting change." Indeed, users can
earn rewards by participating in social projects. In return, these rewards can
be used to purchase concert tickets for example, allowing participants to see
some of today's most famous musicians and performers.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.bettervest.com/en/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bettervest</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bettervest is a Germany-based
crowd investment platform that allows users to invest money in sustainable
energy-related projects around the world, starting from as little as 50 EUR,
with returns on investment ranging from 4 to 12%. It requires the will to take
some risk (read their disclosure and Terms&Conditions before you make your decision; EUPlanet cannot be held responsible), as there is no guarantee that the project's return rate will be
fully met, but the team's long list of successful projects might reassure the
user.</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.wiseed.com/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wiseed</span></a><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Similar to Bettervest, Wiseed is a French platform for crowd investments that initially featured only investment opportunities in energy- and sustainability-related projects. However, they have diversified since then, and now also offer real estate opportunities and other types of crowd investment. Yet, their sustainability branch is still functional, which justifies including Wiseed in this list. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As for Bettervest: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">read Wiseed's disclosure and Terms&Conditions before you make your investment decision, as some risk is involved and EUPlanet cannot be held responsible.</span></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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<![endif]-->JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-91252522238253070682017-04-21T20:48:00.002-07:002017-06-05T18:44:52.594-07:00UN Commission on the Status of Women - Renewable energy as a tool for empowerment<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<h3>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">UN Commission on the
Status of Women - Renewable energy as a tool for empowerment</span></h3>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">By JJB</span><br />
<br />
<span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Last March
13-24 2017, the sixty-first session of the </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Commission on the Status of Women</span></i><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (CSW 61) took place
at the </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">United
Nations</span></i><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Headquarters in New York City. Despite the severe blizzard that struck
the area during that time, participants gathered from around the globe, in
order to interact, discuss and share thoughts during several get-togethers,
debates and events. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) works as part of the Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC), one of the UN’s principal organs. Other well-known principal
organs of the United Nations are, for example, the UN General Assembly or the
UN Security Council. In this institutional framework, the CSW holds a central
position for the advocacy of gender equality and women’s empowerment. </span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.ngocsw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/NGO-Main-Guide-2016_122115.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Here</span></a><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> is a link to a document that
describes the CSW a bit further, from the perspective of participating
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).</span></span><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Indeed, NGOs
are an important link between the UN and civil society. Therefore, it was no
wonder that numerous NGOs were present again at this year’s CSW 61, at a large
variety of conferences and parallel events. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of these gatherings took place
on Saturday, March 18<sup>th</sup>, bringing together such diverse actors as
the Hunger Project, UNICEF’s working group on girls, </span></span><a href="http://www.solarcookers.org/index.php"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Solar Cookers International</span></a><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and the Swedish platform project </span></span><a href="http://flickaplattformen.se/other-languages"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flickaplattformen</span></a><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (a cooperation partner of the </span></span><a href="http://www.thp.org/our-work/where-we-work/sweden/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hunger Project Sweden</span></a><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">).</span></span>
<br />
<span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
discussed topics included persisting gender inequalities in Sweden (and their
meaning on a global scale), empowerment of women in rural Africa in their
everyday life… and solar cooking as a valuable contribution to this type of
empowerment </span></span><a href="http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Countries"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">in many parts of the world</span></a><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Solar cooking is
not only better for the environment than traditional cooking, but it is also an
easier, cheaper and healthier cooking solution for many women who take care of
their families under extremely hard conditions - conditions which, in return, limit these women's educational and economic perspectives (<i>and as </i></span></span><i><a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2014/10/blogentry_23.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">written in 2014 on this blog</span></a></i><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><i>, the International
Energy Agency estimates that 600,000 people die each year in Africa due to smoke
intoxication caused by inappropriate cooking devices, and that in sub-Saharan
Africa alone, 620 million people, i.e. 2 thirds of the population, have no
electricity and almost 730 million people use inefficient or dangerous cooking
devices</i>). </span></span><br />
<span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Additionally, as also discussed by the conference’s participants,
introducing this new cooking technology in local communities can represent an
occasion to break traditional patterns and to raise the interest of everybody,
women <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">and</i> men, to take on household
tasks such as cooking.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Overall, one
of the key takeaways for the participants of this event was the strong feeling
that individual efforts are not merely isolated “drops on a hot stone”… but
that all these pursuits of positive change are interconnected and shared among
many people across the planet. All this good energy is never lost.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><i>This article was also published in the "SCI Digest" newsletter of Solar Cookers International (Vol 11, June 5th 2017). <br />For the archive of past issues of the "SCI Digest", please <a href="http://www.solarcookers.org/about/publications/sci-digest-past-issues/">click here</a>.</i></span></span><br />
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<![endif]-->JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-60924822270103661922017-02-23T18:56:00.001-08:002017-04-09T14:39:37.330-07:00Disruptive technologies... between euphoria and persisting obstacles<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Disruptive
technologies... and their limitations</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">By JJB</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">From the
"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution">4th Industrial Revolution</a>" to
drones and Supercomputers, disruptive trends are today's omnipresent buzzword,
evoking possibilities that are or will be transforming our world's social,
cultural and economic foundations in unprecedented scale.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Of course,
it is crucial to understand the full extent of what these trends imply and the
countless profound changes they could signify for the next years and decades.
Indeed, we should not allow ourselves to hang on to naive illusions on this matter.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">On the other
hand though, it should also not be a blasphemy to state that some of these
developments really do have certain limitations, and that adding a
"digital 2.0"-component to a formerly manual or "digital
1.0" process does not always magically solve all problems.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">UNLIMITED
TRANSFORMATIONS</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">As Harvard Kennedy School Professor
Calestous Juma argues, the notion of the "4th Industrial
Revolution" is misleading, as it puts a strong focus on changes in the
industrial field and, eventually, in the economy. This limited conception
neglects other aspects, such as considerable social, medical, environmental or agricultural changes - those could be of vital importance, especially for developing countries, as Juma
points out <a href="http://thenerveafrica.com/3504/prof-calestous-juma-on-why-the-4th-industrial-revolution-is-a-mischaracterization/">in The Nerve Africa</a>. But in order to seize these
opportunities, it is crucial to be aware of them and to use the right terms. That is why Juma rejects most labels and instead calls it "convergence of diverse
technological platforms" requiring not just limited ministerial support
but "high level champions of innovation, especially presidents and prime
ministers"... So as to underline that the ongoing changes and
opportunities cannot be confined to only one specific sector.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">To very <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">clear<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">: there really<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span>are </span></span></span>a lot of opportunities and challenges <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">coming our wa<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">y!</span></span> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">THE (so far
still persisting technical) LIMITS OF DISRUPTION</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">However, even
today, technology cannot solve all our problems (yet). As Twitter user
@MiraBurg put it: <a href="https://twitter.com/MiraBurg/status/741020661724946432">Super fast satellite's web connection: yes, time's still an issue, the internet doesn't make interactions "timeless"</a>. Indeed, much innovation was needed to bring the image transmission time from "hours" down to <a href="http://www.wired.co.uk/article/space-data-highway-esa-router">"only" 13 minutes via high-speed satellites</a>. And in everyday life outside of
urban centers, even getting a reliable mobile Internet access or just a cellphone signal can be an issue.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">In <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">h</span>i<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">gh-<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">f</span>requency financial trading, <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">the distance between IT servers can make a difference of nanoseconds and there<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">fore <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">be deci<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">sive for multi-million dollar deals. <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/10736960/High-frequency-trading-when-milliseconds-mean-millions.html">To stay ahead <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">of the game, <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">you just might </span></span></a></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/10736960/High-frequency-trading-when-milliseconds-mean-millions.html">h</a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/10736960/High-frequency-trading-when-milliseconds-mean-millions.html">ave to <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">roc<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ksaw</span></span> t</a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/10736960/High-frequency-trading-when-milliseconds-mean-millions.html">hrough mountains</a> instead of taking the easy way around them, in order <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">to <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">shorten </span>the cable connection between servers<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">We may live
in times where <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/03/silicon-valleys-quest-to-live-forever">Silicon Valley executives want to dev<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">elop tech<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">nolog<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">y that <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">end</span>s<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> all</span></span></span></span> aging </a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/03/silicon-valleys-quest-to-live-forever">or even puts an <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">end</span> to morta</a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/03/silicon-valleys-quest-to-live-forever">lity</a>. Even a</span></span> star DJ like Steve Aoki has his philanthropic <a href="http://www.steveaoki.com/foundation/">Aoki Foundation</a> support biotech research such a<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">s <a href="http://www.sens.org/">S<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ENS</span></a></span>, which aims<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> to</span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">fight</span> age-related medical conditions. </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">I<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">t definitely </span>adds to<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> the</span> interesting contrast between Aoki's public life of
spontaneity and party culture and his private life of long term vision,
discipline and asceticism. </span></span>But
for now, this is just - even if it was done with an entrepreneurial vision and a philanthropic goal - a
risky bet. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">W<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">hether <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">people critic<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">i<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">z</span>e or</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">applaud these biotech-ent<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">husiasts' opti<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">mism<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">:</span> the p<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ill for <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">eternal healthy life <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">for all m<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ankind</span> is (simply and unfor<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">tu<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">nately)</span></span> not in store yet.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCcZa7VWizafJx5ZTXgI9GCGN2voCLmSiFgBHUT7KBcEX7Jgd9b_4MleUnc4R2gO2CsICkRgZJzPR3-1oILXh_-YF5Z2Ajyqz1ugDKXzf44ceC163cWI4lWf8K4T7EHWmYL8ke81Gb9AWi/s1600/Da_Vinci.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCcZa7VWizafJx5ZTXgI9GCGN2voCLmSiFgBHUT7KBcEX7Jgd9b_4MleUnc4R2gO2CsICkRgZJzPR3-1oILXh_-YF5Z2Ajyqz1ugDKXzf44ceC163cWI4lWf8K4T7EHWmYL8ke81Gb9AWi/s320/Da_Vinci.jpg" width="235" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "Vitruvian Man" stands for the innovations of the Renaissance and, more specifically, for Leonardo da Vinci's research on the architecture of human life. Photo credits: <span class="mw-mmv-source-author"><span class="mw-mmv-source">Luc Viatour / www.Lucnix.be</span></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">THE LIMITS
OF WHAT WE DO WITH TECHNOLOGY</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Not all research is used for medical or social progress though. </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">For example, </span>twitter
user <a href="https://twitter.com/mattdpearce/status/773289772445868032">@mattdpearce</a> </span></span>denounces that some <a href="https://twitter.com/Adweek/status/773272035665387520">supercomputers</a> are used "only" to improve the efficiency of marketing. While it is legitimate for all branches of the economy to use technological progress, the intention of creating "markets of one", with highly personalized user profiles, might irritate some advocates of data protection... depending on how it is done.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">As </span>Mira
Bürger (yes, the same one as the Twitter user mentioned above) points out in
her LSE-paper "Neither Maker not Mirror"*, algorithms are only human-made, too. In her work on
algorithms used for credit scoring based on big data, she identifies
several ways in which humans influence these algorithms during their
conception, their usage and their interpretation. As she argues, this stands in
contrast to discourses that depict algorithms either as neutral mirrors of
reality or as independently acting, potentially threatening entities. Instead,
algorithm-based assessments are only as innovative/inclusive or as
biased/discriminating as the humans that control the algorithms. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>* Mira Marie
Bürger: Neither Maker nor Mirror. The powers and limitations of algorithms and
their relation to human actors in credit scoring. London School of Economics, 2015. </i></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">CONCLUSION</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore,
what's most decisive is how we design and use technology - after all, our usage
does not only determine technology's output today, but it is also driving
technology's future evolution. This way, we should focus on how we want to
shape the technology and the usages that will shape our society.... Instead of
falsely considering them to be either completely neutral or entirely autonomous
and self-fulfilling.</span></span></div>
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<![endif]-->JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-78249775550187353532016-12-17T14:43:00.002-08:002017-02-26T15:14:25.152-08:00Happy Anniversary!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This
December 2016, <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/">http://euplanet.blogspot.com</a>
is celebrating its <b>6 year anniversary</b>. Indeed, this blog was launched in
December 2010, and has continued to grow and evolve ever since. At the same
time, this is also a great occasion to celebrate some other milestones, as the
magical number of <b>90 posts</b> has been reached, as well as the even more
magical number of <b>10,000 page views</b>. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I would like
to take this opportunity to send a very warm <b>Thank You</b> to all of this blog’s readers,
Twitter followers and partner projects. May this beautiful story continue to help
us inspire each other and share information and thoughts!</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All the
best,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">JJB</span></div>
JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-71789406276598681032016-11-24T20:50:00.001-08:002016-11-25T21:17:04.215-08:00Energy in the "Empire State" of New York<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Introduction: What is
the REV strategy?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Reforming the Energy Vision” (REV) is the name
of the long-term energy strategy of New York State, which was developed in 2015
under Governor Andrew M. Cuomo (Source: DPS 2015), who was first elected in
November 2010 and reelected in November 2014. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Further to the REV strategy’s definition in
2015, it shall be implemented through a variety of regulatory tools and policy
decisions. In this context, it is interesting to consult the “2015 New York
State Energy Plan”, a document which was set out to coordinate the steps taken
by public authorities to “advance the REV agenda” (Source: New York State
Energy Planning Board, 2015a).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Based on these sources, the present document
shall, in a first step, outline the REV targets and then, in a second step,
critically assess some aspects of these targets’ implementation progress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What are the REV targets?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The three following targets are generally
presented as REV’s main targets to be achieved by 2030:</span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 40% compared to 1990 levels</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50%
of New York’s electricity shall be generated by renewable energy sources (RES)</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Energy
consumption of buildings shall be reduced by 23% compared to 2012 levels. This is
said to correspond to energy savings of 600 trillion BTU.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is noteworthy that these targets
can also be seen in a broader regulatory context<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2644645419049589277#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>.
However, this broader context cannot be described in detail in the framework of
this document at hand.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nevertheless, REV also includes some additional
targets, such as “Make Energy More Affordable for All New Yorkers”, “Support
the Growth of Clean Energy Innovation”, “Empower New Yorkers to Make More
Informed Energy Choices”, “Improve New York's Energy Infrastructure”, “Create
New Jobs and Business Opportunities”, “Protect New York's Natural Resources”, “Build
a More Resilient Energy System”, “Support Cleaner Transportation” and “Cut
Greenhouse Gas Emissions 80% by 2050” (Source: New York State 2016).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yet, these targets (except the last one) are
inherently less quantifiable, since their outcome is less measurable and since
there is no clear deadline by which they shall be achieved. Thus, it could be
argued that they are less binding and less ambitious than the above-mentioned
three targets for 2030. Still, these quantitative goals should not be
underestimated either, given that they might contribute to a certain number of
new energy policies. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Furthermore, some of the targets seem to contradict
each other. For example, it could be argued that if the state of New York was
really to implement its target of “improving New York’s energy infrastructure”,
this might then be seen as an increasing contradiction to the promise of
“making energy more affordable for all New Yorkers”. This type of contradiction
between the goals has not yet been solved by the REV strategy – the solution
has merely been postponed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What is the current progress towards the REV goals?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">According to the impact assessment that was
issued at the same time as the New York State Energy Plan, greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in New York in 2011 were “slightly lower” than those of 1990, whereas
national GHG emissions increased by 8% from 1990 to 2011 (Source: New York
State Energy Planning Board, 2015b). Therefore, even though New York is
outperforming the national average of GHG reductions, a “slightly lower” level
is still nowhere near the 40% cut that is envisaged for 2030.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Among the tools for further GHG reductions, the
2015 New York State Energy Plan quotes several “past and ongoing energy
efficiency and renewables programs”, such as “the System Benefits Charge,
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard
(EEPS), Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)” (Source: New York State
Energy Planning Board, 2015a). Not all of these tools can be analyzed in detail
in the framework of this short blog entry. Instead, as an exemplary field of
policies, New York State’s renewable energy support shall be described with more
detail. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In contrast to many other US jurisdictions, New
York’s renewable energy support does not require utilities to purchase
electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) or renewable energy
certificates for a certain percentage of their electricity sales. Instead, the New
York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) acts as a "central
procurement administrator" which manages the budget that supports RES-E
production for either on-site consumption or for feed-in into the wholesale
market of the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO). According to the 2015
New York State Energy Plan, the Renewable Portfolio Standard has enabled the
construction of “nearly 1,900 MW of clean power” between 2004 and 2015 (Source:
New York State Energy Planning Board, 2015a). According to the same source, further
support for renewable energy sources includes the following items:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
NY-Sun Initiative, which features a budget of $1 billion for additional support
to New York State’s solar industry. In this context, it is considered by the
2015 New York State Energy Plan that 3,000 MW of solar capacity could be added
to the State’s electricity mix by 2023.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K-SOLAR,
a solar energy program for schools.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On-going
discussions about possible new “Shared Renewables” policies, allowing homes
without appropriate rooftop conditions to benefit from solar energy, via “community
net metering“.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On-going
reflections about possible measures to support Offshore Wind energy.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A
continuous development of support measures for heat from renewable energy
sources.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A
commitment to assess opportunities to encourage energy production from organic
waste.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
development of a state-wide strategy for sustainable fuel production.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On top of this enumeration of programs, further
support for renewable energy exist in various forms, such as individual net
metering provisions or the State-owned New York Green Bank, which enhances the
investment conditions for certain clean energy projects. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But how effective are all these support
measures and tools? After all, the intermediate target of the RPS stipulates
that New York State’s electricity mix shall reach a RES-E share of 30% by 2015
(Source: NYSERDA 2015). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Different sources give varying evaluations concerning
the achievement of this goal:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">According
to NYISO, the RES-E share in New York State was 23% in 2015; however, no
details about individual RES-E technologies are given (Source: NYISO 2016).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">According
to the Federal Department of Energy, the RES-E share in New York State is 44.79%,
though this nationwide comparison unfortunately does not indicate which year it
refers to. The major RES-E contribution comes from hydro power (about 30%),
followed by biomass (above 10%). The remaining 4.79% are mainly provided by
wind energy, while solar and geothermal power remain negligible (Source: US
Department of Energy 2016).</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These impressive statistical variations could
be explained by various factors, such as different methodologies or different
reference time frames. In addition, it is equally noteworthy that these figures
also highlight that New York’s current RES-E generation depends largely on
hydropower. Indeed, hydropower is a renewable technology that faces certain
deployment limitations in industrialized countries, as it requires specific
geographic conditions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hence, it could prove to be unrealistic to rely
solely on hydropower to achieve the REV target of a RES-E share of 50% in the
New York power mix by 2030. Alternatively, wind and solar energy are among the cheapest
RES-E technologies that can be deployed on a larger scale without too many
geographic restrictions. Concerning the installed wind energy capacity, New
York currently occupies the 13<sup>th</sup> place in the ranking of US States,
according to the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). However, while AWEA
acknowledges that New York possesses 1,749 MW of installed wind turbines, the
outlook of projects under construction amounts to only 79 MW (Source: AWEA
2016). This growth rate is much too low if wind energy is to contribute
significantly to the 50%-goal of 2030. Likewise, according to the Solar Energy
Industries Association (SEIA), the installed solar photovoltaic capacity sums
up to 803 MW in New York State (the 7<sup>th</sup> place in the ranking of US
States), and could see an increase of additional 3,007 MW in the next five
years, which would be the 5<sup>th</sup> highest growth rate in the US over
that time frame (Source: SEIA 2016). Despite this substantial increase, the
contribution of solar photovoltaic energy to the overall electricity mix would
still be relatively low in the early 2020s, given the low load factor of that
technology<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2644645419049589277#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Conclusion</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As discussed in this blog entry, the clean energy figures of NYISO
and the US Department of Energy are showing significant differences (23% vs.
45% of RES-E in the electricity mix in New York State). Indeed, it may be quite
revealing that it does not seem like there are reliable, easy-to-find,
unequivocal statistics on renewable energy… At least, it constitutes an obstacle when assessing New York's clean energy progress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">New York State’s energy strategy – known as
“Reforming the Energy Vision” or “REV” – sets out ambitious clean energy goals
for 2030. Indeed, the State already possesses a variety of clean energy support
mechanisms and substantial renewable energy installations. However, this
present document has also shown that it is not yet certain if and how these
assets and their future evolution will suffice to meet the REV targets for
2030. Further in-depth research (including specific assumptions on future
technology costs and revenues) would be necessary to evaluate the deployment
potentials of each renewable energy technology in New York State. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It can be
argued that the level of ambition shown by New York State’s energy policy sends
out an encouraging message to the clean energy industry. Nevertheless, actual
deployment of clean energy will depend on the future evolution of regulatory
support, technology costs and revenues. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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Facts. Retrieved on 10/30/2016, from: </span><a href="http://www.awea.org/resources/statefactsheets.aspx?itemnumber=890"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.awea.org/resources/statefactsheets.aspx?itemnumber=890</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">New York State (2016): Reforming the
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">New York State Energy Planning Board
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">NYSERDA (2015): Renewable Portfolio
Standard Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved on 10/30/2016, from: </span><a href="https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/All-Programs/Programs/Main-Tier/FAQs"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/All-Programs/Programs/Main-Tier/FAQs</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">NYSERDA (2013). NYSERDA Renewable
Portfolio Standard Customer-Sited Tier Impact Evaluation Report: Solar PV and
On-Site Wind Programs. Prepared for The New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prepared by The Cadmus Group, Inc.
Contract Number: 24890.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">SEIA (2016). State Solar Policy – New
York Solar. Retrieved on 10/30/2016, from: </span><a href="http://www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/new-york"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/new-york</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">US Department of Energy (2016): Renewable
energy production per State. Retrieved on 10/30/2016, from: </span><a href="http://energy.gov/maps/renewable-energy-production-state"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://energy.gov/maps/renewable-energy-production-state</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br clear="all" />
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<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2644645419049589277#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US">Such as the nationwide “Clean
Power Plan” from 2014, which calls for a 30% reduction in the USA’s GHG
emissions by 2030, compared to 2005 levels; or the “BuildSmart NY” initiative
from 2012, which aims for a 20% energy efficiency improvement by 2020 for all
buildings that are owned and managed by New York State.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2644645419049589277#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US">For example: a
NYSERDA-commissioned report determined photovoltaic capacity factors of 13,4%
(NYSERDA 2013). This way, even a photovoltaic capacity of 3,810 MW, as
mentioned in the above-mentioned future projection, would be unlikely to
produce much more than 4 TWh, which would be only around 3% of New York’s power
generation (142 TWh in 2015, according to NYISO 2016).</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-3981131829483074302016-10-20T11:12:00.001-07:002016-11-03T19:12:44.468-07:00Energie in Connecticut und PennsylvaniaVon JJB<br />
<br />
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Um diese erste Serie über einige Aspekte der Energiepolitik von
US-Bundesstaaten abzuschließen, sollen nach den Bundesstaaten <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2016/04/blogentry.html">New York</a> und <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2016/09/blogentry.html">New Jersey</a> nun auch Connecticut und Pennsylvania thematisiert werden. Dies
vervollständigt unseren Blick auf die „Metropolitan Area“ des Großraums New
York. Hiermit ist ein Gebiet gemeint, das über 20 Millionen Menschen umfasst –
mithin das größte Ballungsgebiet der USA – und dem neben New York und New
Jersey auch Connecticut und Pennsylvania zugerechnet werden (trotz leichter
Differenzen in den Detaildefinitionen, vgl. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas">hier </a>und <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_statistical_area#List_of_combined_statistical_areas">hier</a>). Insgesamt wohnen in den vier Staaten über 45 Millionen Menschen - fast die Hälfte der Einwohner der vier Staaten lebt also in der "Metropolitan Area" des Großraums New York.</div>
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Zunächst einmal sei das sehr unterschiedliche Volumen der
Stromerzeugung der vier Staaten erwähnt. So weist Connecticut die
geringste Stromerzeugung auf, Pennsylvania die größte (laut dem in den
vergangenen Blogposts bereits erwähnten <a href="http://powersuite.aee.net/portal/state_comparisons/NY">Vergleichsportals</a>).<br />
Annäherungsweise lässt
sich sagen, dass New Jersey fast ein Drittel der Stromerzeugung von Pennsylvania aufweist, etwa die Hälfte der Stromerzeugung von New York, aber
doppelt soviel wie Connecticut:<br />
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<u><b>Tabelle - Jährliche Stromerzeung in den Staaten der "Metropolitan Area" im Großraum New York</b></u></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
37,4 TWh</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
75,2 TWh</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
140,1 TWh</div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
216,3 TWh</div>
</td>
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Quelle: <a href="http://powersuite.aee.net/portal/state_comparisons/NY">AEE </a>(ohne Jahresangabe)</div>
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<br />
<u><b>Verschiedene Blickwinkel auf das als "Constitution State" und als "Nutmeg State" bekannte Connecticut</b></u><br />
<br />
Laut selbiger Quelle weist die Stromproduktion in Connecticut einen Gaskraftwerksanteil von 49% auf und einen Kernkraftanteil von 47%, so dass nur jeweils 2% übrig bleiben für die Bioenergien und für "Other Sources". Problematisch an diesen scheinbar eindeutigen statischen Zahlen ist jedoch, wie so oft, die genaue Definition der Kategorien.<br />
<br />
So liegt, laut einer <a href="http://energy.gov/maps/renewable-energy-production-state">anderen Quelle des Energieministeriums auf US-Bundesebene</a>, die bereits in einem Fußnoten-Exkurs unseres Artikels zu New York thematisisert wurde, der Bioenergie-Anteil in Connecticut bei 10%, nebst einem kleinen Anteil von Photovoltaik und Wasserkraft, so dass Connecticut auf einen Erneuerbaren-Anteil von insgesamt 13% käme. Da beide Quellen leider ohne Jahresangaben arbeiten, ist es müßig, den geringfügigen Unterschieden nachzugehen, die sie für Connecticuts Wasserkraft und Photovoltaik aufweisen. Windenergie spielt in Connecticut übrigens derzeit keine nennenswerte Rolle, darin sind sich beide Quellen sowie der <a href="http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/pdfs/connecticut.pdf">US-Windindustrieverband</a> einig.<br />
Der Unterschied bei den Bioenergie-Zahlen ist jedoch beachtlich: sie stehen zwischen 2% und 10%. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass die höheren Werte des Ministeriums auf Stromerzeugung durch biogene Gase in Klärwerken und Mülldeponien sowie biogene Abfallprodukte (z.B. in der Ethanolproduktion) zurückzuführen sind, während AEE diese Stromerzeugungsanlagen den Kategorien "Gas" oder "Other Sources" zugeschrieben hat und deswegen auf niedrigere Werte kommt.<br />
<br />
In der Tat besitzt Connecticut ein Quotensystem, durch welches die Stromversorger verpflichtet sind, einen bestimmten Anteil ihrer Stromproduktion durch Erneuerbare Energien zu decken und dies durch Zertifikate nachzuweisen. Durch den Handel mit jenen Zertifikate wiederum soll der Ausbau der Erneuerbaren Energien angereizt werden. <a href="http://www.ct.gov/pura/cwp/view.asp?a=3354&q=415186">Laut diesem Quotensystem soll der Erneuerbaren-Anteil in der öffentlichen Stromversorgung 2015 bei 12,5% und 2016 bei 14%</a> liegen, bis 2020 sogar bei 20%. Ein derzeitig im <a href="http://www.ct.gov/Deep/cwp/view.asp?a=4405&q=500752&deepNav_GID=2121">Konsultationsverfahren befindlicher Reformvorschlag</a> beinhaltet unter anderem den Gedanken, eine (nicht weiter quantifizierte) Erhöhung des 2020-Ziels zu diskutieren. Es ist also davon auszugehen, dass der tatsächliche Erneuerbaren-Anteil in Connecticut eher bei 13% liegt statt, wie bei AEE zu lesen, bei 2%.<br />
<br />
Übrigens wurden im Quotensystem Connecticuts nicht nur Quoten für Erneuerbare sondern auch für Kraftwärmekopplung und andere CO2-arme Technologien (jeweils 3% bzw. 4%) festgelegt; der Gesamtanteil all dieser als klimafreundlich eingestuften Technologien soll 2020 also bei 27% liegen.<br />
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<br />
<u><b>Der "Keystone State" Pennsylvania</b></u></div>
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Wie New Jersey und Connecticut besitzt auch Pennsylvania ein Quotensystem für alternative Energien. Eine Besonderheit besteht bei Pennsylvania jedoch darin, dass damit nicht nur Erneuerbare Energien und bestimmte Müll- und Reststoffverwertungsanlagen gefördert werden, sondern auch Investitionen in Energieeffizienz: die durch sie eingesparten Megawattstunden werden ebenfalls zum klimafreundlich erzeugten Strom gerechnet. Bis 2020 soll <a href="http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/262">18% des Stroms</a> in Pennsylvania durch diese klimafreundlichen Technologien abgedeckt werden. Für 2014 betrug die festgesetzte Quote knapp 11% - ein Zwischenziel, das laut der <a href="http://www.pennaeps.com/">offiziellen Grünstrom-Homepage</a> Pennsylvanias auch erreicht wurde, wobei allerdings der entsprechende, <a href="http://www.puc.state.pa.us/Electric/pdf/AEPS/AEPS_Ann_Rpt_2014.pdf">detailliertere Bericht</a> ebenfalls einige Strafzahlungen erwähnt (d.h.: Versorger mit einer unzureichenden Anzahl an Zertifikaten haben alternative Zahlungen geleistet, um sich gewissermaßen freizukaufen). </div>
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Ähnlich der für Connecticut beschriebenen Probleme weist jedoch die <a href="http://powersuite.aee.net/portal/state_comparisons/PA?utf8=%E2%9C%93&portal_state_comparisons%5Bstate%5D=PA&portal_state_comparisons%5Bstate%5D=&portal_state_comparisons%5Bstate%5D=&portal_state_comparisons%5Bstate%5D=&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=total_megawatt_hours_generated_last_year&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=total_name_plate_capacity_megawatts&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=total_name_plate_capacity_megawatts_older_than_1980&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=percent_capacity_older_than_1980&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=latest_electricity_price_per_kwh&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=coal_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=natural_gas_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=nuclear_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=hydroelectric_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=geothermal_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=petroleum_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=solar_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=biomass_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=wind_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bpolity_group%5D%5B%5D=other_electricity_generation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bgovernor_group%5D%5B%5D=&portal_state_comparisons%5Bgovernor_group%5D%5B%5D=name&portal_state_comparisons%5Bgovernor_group%5D%5B%5D=party_affiliation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bgovernor_group%5D%5B%5D=assumed_office_date&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=name&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=abbreviation&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=year_established&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=associated_iso_rto&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=regulated_services&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=number_of_seats&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=staff_size&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=current_commissioner_count&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=term_length_in_years&portal_state_comparisons%5Bcommission_group%5D%5B%5D=term_limit&portal_state_comparisons%5Blegislature_group%5D%5B%5D=&portal_state_comparisons%5Blegislature_group%5D%5B%5D=name&portal_state_comparisons%5Blegislature_group%5D%5B%5D=session_length_in_months&portal_state_comparisons%5Blegislature_group%5D%5B%5D=session_start_date&portal_state_comparisons%5Blegislature_group%5D%5B%5D=session_end_date">AEE-Statistik</a> für Pennslyvania einen Erneuerbaren-Stromanteil von nur circa 2% aus (jeweils zur Hälfte auf Windkraft und Bioenergien entfallend), neben einem Gasanteil von 35%, einem Kernkraftanteil von 34% und einem Kohleanteil von 29%. Die <a href="http://energy.gov/maps/renewable-energy-production-state">konkurriende US-Bundesstatistik</a> spricht hingegen von einem Erneuerbaren-Anteil von 4,4%, vor allem durch Bioenergie sowie kleinere Beiträge der Windkraft und Wasserkraft. Mögliche Gründe für diese Unterschiede in den Statistiken wurden bereits im Fall von New Jersey und Connecticut untersucht; im Falle Pennsylvanias kommt als weiterer Unsicherheitsfaktor noch hinzu, dass zum Teil auch Energieeinsparungen zu den klimafreundlichen Stromquellen gezählt werden können.</div>
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Die installierte Windkraft in Pennsylvania beträgt derzeit immerhin rund 1,3 GW, <a href="http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/pdfs/Pennsylvania.pdf">laut der American Wind Energy Association</a> (AWEA), die jedoch einen derzeitigen Zuwachs von nur 40 MW an weiteren, im Bau begriffenen Projekten nennt. Doch ebenfalls betont AWEA, dass die Windindustrie, samt Turbinenhersteller und weiterer Zulieferer, in Pennsylvania einen besonders großen Arbeitgeber darstelle. Die Photovoltaikinstallationen Pennsylvanias belaufen sich laut <a href="http://www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/pennsylvania">Brancheninformationen</a> derzeit auf circa 300 MW; weitere 300 MW sollen in den nächsten 5 Jahren hinzukommen.</div>
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<u><b>Fazit und Ausblick</b></u></div>
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Der Mangel an transparenten, aktuellen, öffentlich leicht verfügbaren Referenzen macht es schwer, den Fortschritt der einzelnen Bundesstaaten in ihren energiepolitischen Zielen nachzuvollziehen - dies haben wir in dieser Serie für alle vier amerikanischen Bundesstaaten festgestellt. Zudem wird der Vergleich zwischen den jeweiligen Staaten, bezüglich ihrer Ziele und Fortschrtitte, erschwert durch die jeweils unterschiedlichen Definitionen ihrer Strategien. </div>
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Ein wirklicher, tiefgehender Vergleich müsste zunächst die statistischen Quellen weiter konsolideren und die Stärken und Schwächen sowie die zu erwartende Zukunftsentwicklung jedes einzelnen Staates individuell herausarbeiten. Ein hierauf aufbauender Vergleich könnte eine wirkliche Bewertung vornehmen, etwa in Bezug auf die absehbare Realisierungsrate oder die Kosteneffizienz der jeweiligen Energiepolitikstrategien. Hierfür wären jedoch noch viele weitere Faktoren zu berücksichtigen, die die hier gegebenen Zeitressourcen deutlich übersteigen würden. </div>
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Stattdessen wurden in dieser Serie einige Grundeigenschaften zusammengefasst, die den vier ausgewählten US-Bundesstaaten zu eigen sind.<br />
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Bereits dabei wurden die erheblichen jeweiligen Unterschiede deutlich, die etwa die Fördersysteme der vier Staaten betreffen oder beispielsweise die Bedeutung der Kohle (fast ein Drittel der Stromversorgung in Pennsylvania, aber quasi abwesend in den anderen drei Staaten). Sonderthemen wie zum Beispiel unkonventionelle fossile Energien und Fracking konnten hier zudem gar nicht erwähnt werden, da es die Vergleichbarkeit noch stärker verzerren würde, und da hierfür auch ein tieferer Einstieg in das Thema der Rohstoffpreise für Gas, Kohle und Erdöl nötig gewesen wäre. </div>
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Deswegen wurden in dieser Blogserie lediglich die energiepolitische Ausgangslage
der verschiedenen Bundesstaaten umrissen, um weitergehende
Vergleiche und standortübergreifende Diskussionen zu erleichtern. Insbesondere soll die Differenzierung der Diskussion angeregt werden, da - wie hier ersichtlich wurde - es auch in den USA keine einheitliche Energiepolitik und Energielandschaft gibt, sondern wie auch in Europa nach Mitgliedsstaaten und Regionen unterschieden werden muss.</div>
JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-34472840544838491962016-09-28T19:51:00.001-07:002016-10-25T11:25:42.381-07:00Energie im "Garden State" New JerseyVon JJB<br />
<br />
Kürzlich wurde an dieser Stelle bereits auf die <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2016/04/blogentry.html">Energiepolitik im US-Bundesstaat New York</a> eingegangen. Nun sollen auch einige der Nachbarstaaten einmal näher beleuchtet werden.<br />
<br />
Besonders interessant ist dabei unter anderem der Bundesstaat New Jersey, bekannt auch unter dem Beinamen "The Garden State". In der Tat ist die Landwirtschaft traditionell ein wichtiger Wirtschaftszweig in New Jersey, wenngleich sie seit einigen Jahren <a href="https://njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/reaping-what-they-sow/">zunehmend auch mit Problemen</a> konfrontiert ist, wie zum Beispiel steigende Grundstückspreise.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT-8AaKm-VyyNeUBrHfjt8NN_NlxSF86iGsjoZa3bfJxf_wO4IDl0OaniZ2gxGJ6twonP9ZMaZEVx3Yk6V_vRaWzd-OJl6-FXEt_NepiktYFTMMDL2kMeMdQtevn3NHZyZ2J1KfPJU3u9T/s1600/seal.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT-8AaKm-VyyNeUBrHfjt8NN_NlxSF86iGsjoZa3bfJxf_wO4IDl0OaniZ2gxGJ6twonP9ZMaZEVx3Yk6V_vRaWzd-OJl6-FXEt_NepiktYFTMMDL2kMeMdQtevn3NHZyZ2J1KfPJU3u9T/s320/seal.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Siegel des Bundesstaats New Jersey. Die beiden Figuren sind eine Allegorie auf die Freiheit (links) und Ceres (rechts), die römische Göttin des Ackerbaus und der Fruchtbarkeit. Auch die drei Pflüge in der Mitte des Siegels zollen der landwirtschaftlichen Tradition des Bundesstaates Respekt. Quelle: <a href="http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/seal.htm">Offizielle Homepage des Bundesstaats New Jersey</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
Vielleicht hat es auch mit diesen Problemen zu tun, dass die Solarkraft in New Jersey wesentlich weiter vorangeschritten ist als beim Nachbarstaat New York (ähnliche Effekte sind auch in Deutschland und Europa zu beobachten, wo zahlreiche Landwirte auf Erneuerbare Energien als zusätzliche Verdienstquelle setzen).<br />
<u><b><br /></b></u>
<u><b>Ausbau der Erneuerbaren Energien in New Jersey - zu schnell oder zu langsam?</b></u><br />
<br />
In jedem Fall hat sich die Anzahl installierter Photovoltaik-Anlagen seit 2010 stark erhöht, von mehreren zehn MW pro Jahr auf mehrere hundert MW pro Jahr. Dieser Anstieg wurde sogar als so stark erachtet, dass einige der Subventionen bereits stark abgesenkt oder gestoppt wurden.<br />
<br />
Laut der amerikanischen <a href="http://www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/New-Jersey">Solar Energy Industries Association</a> waren im Jahre 2015 immerhin 1,8 GW an Photovoltaikanlagen in New Jersey installiert (davon übrigens über 1,4 GW gewerblich und weniger als 0,4 GW im Haushaltsbereich) - und zusätzliche 1,9 GW werden in den nächsten 5 Jahren erwartet. Dementsprechend dürfte die Gesamtkapazität in New Jersey zum Ende des Jahres 2020 dann knapp 4 GW betragen, etwa gleichauf mit dem Nachbarstaat New York.<br />
Sicher, in diesem Zukunftsszenario beliefe sich New Jerseys Photovoltaik im Jahr 2020 weiterhin nur auf ein Zehntel <a href="https://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/mediathek/grafiken/installierte-leistung-zur-stromerzeugung-aus-erneuerbaren-energien-in-deutschland">der in Deutschland bereits 2014 installierten Photovoltaik-Kapazität</a>; jedoch ist bei diesem Vergleich auch zu bedenken, dass Deutschland mit seinen Photovoltaikinstallationen international eher eine Ausnahme darstellt, und außerdem wesentlich mehr Strom verbraucht als New Jersey.<br />
<br />
Laut dem <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2016/04/blogentry.html">im vorigen Artikel</a> bereits genannten <a href="http://powersuite.aee.net/portal/state_comparisons/NJ">Informationsportal</a>, welches sich wie erwähnt auf das Jahr 2015 zu berufen scheint, hatte die Photovoltaik einen Anteil von 2% an der Stromerzeugung.<br />
Allerdings waren Wind- und Wasserkraft gänzlich abwesend, so dass der Gesamtanteil der Erneuerbaren in New Jersey mit 3% nicht höher, sondern niedriger war als die stolzen <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2016/04/blogentry.html">ca. 20%</a> des Bundesstaats New York. Im selben Jahr betrug der Anteil der Kohle 2% und der Kernkraftanteil 20%, während der Hauptanteil der Stromerzeugung New Jerseys mit 75% bei Gaskraftwerken lag.<br />
<br />
New Jersey besitzt ein Zertifikatesystem, welches Stromversorger dazu verpflichtet, einen gewissen Teil der Stromlieferungen durch Erneuerbare Energien abzudecken (oder sich ansonsten durch Strafzahlungen - "alternative compliance payments" - freizukaufen). Dieses System sieht ab 2014 einen <a href="http://energy.gov/savings/renewables-portfolio-standard-0">Erneuerbaren-Anteil von über 10% vor, der bis 2020/21 sogar auf 22,5%</a> steigen soll. Demzufolge wäre der genannte Erneuerbaren-Anteil von 3% deutlich zu niedrig für die Zwischenziele des Bundesstaates New Jersey. Eine <a href="http://energy.gov/maps/renewable-energy-production-state">andere US-Quelle auf Bundesniveau </a>(die später, im Artikel über <a href="http://euplanet.blogspot.com/2016/10/blogentry.html">Connecticut und Pennsylvania</a> detaillierter besprochen werden soll) spricht im Falle New Jerseys übrigens eher von einem Erneuerbaren-Anteil von knapp 6%, was jedoch auch noch zu niedrig wäre. Ein Blick auf die <a href="http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/rps/EY%202015%20RPS%20Summary%20Result%20Tables%20Final%20082416.pdf">Compliance-Berichte New Jerseys</a> zeigt allerdings, dass die Strafzahlungen der Stromversorger für zu niedrige Erneuerbaren-Anteil meist vernachlässigbar gering waren. Diese Diskrepanz ließe sich unter anderem durch veraltete Zahlen in den obengenannten Quellen erklären, doch spielt es wohl durchaus auch eine Rolle, dass Grünstromzertifikate <a href="http://energy.gov/savings/renewables-portfolio-standard-0">auch für Eigenverbrauch vergeben</a> werden, also für Erneuerbaren-Strom, den die Endverbraucher lokal erzeugen und direkt verbrauchen. Diese Option <a href="http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/Renewable_Programs/1034_SolarBroch_12-9-15a.pdf">reduziert, ebenso wie der zeitversetzte Eigenverbrauch ("net metering"), die Stromrechnung</a> der Verbraucher und könnte erklären, dass nicht jede Stromerzeugung von Erneuerbaren Energien auch in den Marktstatistiken des Bundesstaates New Jersey erfasst wird.<br />
Insofern könnte der wahre Erneuerbaren-Anteil in New Jersey tatsächlich eher bei circa 10% liegen. Dennoch ist leicht vorstellbar, dass die Abwesenheit einer klaren, leicht auffindbaren, eindeutigen Referenz für den kontinuierlichen Fortschritt des Erneuerbaren-Ausbaus in New Jersey nicht eben zuträglich ist für die energiestrategische Planung der verschiedenen privatwirtschaftlichen und politischen Akteure.<br />
<br />
Doch eine neue Reform, die möglicherweise auch die Ausbauziele klarer nachvollziehbar werden lassen könnte, ist bereits in Arbeit.<br />
Im März 2016 wurde in New Jersey ein Gesetzesvorschlag diskutiert, demzufolge in dem Bundesstaat der Erneuerbaren-Anteil an der Stromversorgung bis 2050 80% betragen soll. Um dies zu erreichen, soll sichergestellt werden, dass der Erneuerbaren-Anteil alle 5 Jahre um 10 Prozentpunkte steigt - basierend auf der Hypothese einer Ausgangslage von 11% im Jahr 2017. In ersten parlamentarischen Gremien fand dieser Gesetzesvorschlag <a href="http://www.northjersey.com/news/nj-senate-panel-advances-bill-requiring-80-renewable-energy-1.1519962">breite Unterstützung</a>, jedoch bleibt seine endgültige Verabschiedung noch abzuwarten (zumal ein <a href="http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/05/most_of_njs_energy_would_come_from_renewable_sourc.html">ähnlicher Vorschlag</a> 2015 ebenfalls die ersten parlamentarischen Hürden überwunden hatte, dann aber letztlich an mangelnder Unterstützung scheiterte).<br />
Auch im Oktober 2016 befindet sich dieser Gesetzesvorschlag, ebenso wie <a href="http://www.utilitydive.com/news/new-jersey-lawmakers-push-bill-to-revamp-solar-program/427738/">mehrere andere energiepolitische Vorschläge</a>, die neben Erneuerbaren auch Kohle und Gas betreffen, weiterhin im Gesetzgebungsverfahren.<br />
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<u><b>Fazit und Ausblick</b></u><br />
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Zusätzlich zu diesen großen politischen Zielsetzungen wären noch viele weitere Faktoren in Erwägung zu ziehen, um die Machbarkeit der energiepolitischen Strategien zu überprüfen, vor allem in Bezug auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Energieinvestionen. Hierfür müsste der derzeitige Stand und die zukünftige Entwicklung von Faktoren wie Staatsbeihilfen, technologischer Fortschritt, Rohstoffpreise, Kapitalkosten und Endverbraucher-Energiepreise abgeschätzt werden.<br />
Eine solche detaillierte Darstellung des jeweiligen Entwicklungspotenzials verschiedener Energietechnologien, samt Rentabilitätsberechnung, kann im Rahmen dieses Blogs nicht erstellt werden, da es die vorhandenen Zeitressourcen deutlich übersteigen würde (wie bereits im Blogbeitrag zur Energie im Bundesstaat New York erwähnt). In dieser Blogserie soll lediglich die energiepolitische Ausgangslage der verschiedenen Bundesstaaten umrissen werden, um weitergehende Vergleiche und standortübergreifende Diskussionen zu erleichtern und anzuregen.<br />
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Am Beispiel New Jerseys jedenfalls wird einerseits deutlich, dass schon die energiepolitische Zielsetzung problematisch sein kann, wie die langjährige Diskussion im Gesetzgebungsverfahren zum zukünftigen Erneuerbaren-Ausbau zeigt. Und andererseits wird ebenfalls deutlich, dass es nochmals schwieriger ist, in der Praxis den konkreten Erneuerbaren-Ausbau so zu steuern wie es die energiepolitischen Ziele (sofern vorhanden und für alle Akteure hinreichend eindeutig und langfristig verlässlich) vorgeben. Diese Probleme existieren ebenfalls in der Energiepolitik europäischer Länder... Ebenso wie gewisse, auf beiden Seiten des Atlantiks kontrovers diskutierte Fragen - etwa die Frage, wie der Boom der Photovoltaik in der ersten Hälfte des 2010er Jahrzehnts zu bewerten sei.<br />
Es bleibt zu hoffen, dass der Dialog und der Erfahrungsaustausch zwischen den verschiedenen Standorten beitragen zu einer schrittweisen Lösung dieser Probleme der energiepolitischen Steuerung.JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2644645419049589277.post-68961082946040937042016-06-19T07:03:00.001-07:002016-10-19T08:24:18.794-07:00Renewables reach "only" 82% in GermanyBy JJB<br />
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Several well-known news sources, such as Bloomberg and The Guardian, announced last month that electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) had reached the remarkable level of 100% of power consumption in Germany during some hours on Pentecost Sunday, 15 May 2016.<br />
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To be more accurate, let us have a look at what they said in detail.<br />
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- <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-16/germany-just-got-almost-all-of-its-power-from-renewable-energy">Bloomberg stated</a> that RES-E reached 45,5 GW on that day, while power demand was 45,8 GW (RES-E thus reaching 'only' 99% of demand). At the same time, according to Bloomberg, 7,7 GW of conventional plants still continued to produce electricity, due to market opportunities for exports and system backup needs. Therefore, the Bloomberg authors expressed doubts concerning the feasibility of a real 100% RES-E share in German power generation "anytime soon".<br />
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- The Guardian only mentioned Germany's "100% RES-E" briefly, in the context of an <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/18/portugal-runs-for-four-days-straight-on-renewable-energy-alone?utm_content=32688289&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter">article on the Portuguese power system running on 100% RES-E for 107 consecutive hours</a> in May 2016. However, Portugal features relatively large hydro capacities compared to its overall consumption, which is not the case for Germany. Indeed, according to its latest RES-E progress report to the European Commission, Portugal's renewables reached 27 TWh in 2014, which was 52% of power consumption. Out of that, 12 TWh came from hydro, which means hydro covered 23% of Portuguese power consumption in 2014. For comparison: Germany's share of hydro was only <a href="https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2016/EU-Review_2015/Agora_State_of_Affairs_EU_2015_WEB.pdf">around 11% in 2014 and 2015 (while RES-E in total were 28,6% of demand in 2015, by the way)</a>, which may suffice here to illustrate the smaller role hydro power can play in Germany as a renewable backup source of energy.<br />
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Thus, already the original stories included (implicitly or explicitly) the need to differentiate, instead of just applauding the "100% RES-E" headlines.<br />
<b>But we might have to add yet some further differentiation:</b> the source which both articles were referring to, prestigious German think tank <a href="https://www.agora-energiewende.de/de/presse/agoranews/news-detail/news/warum-es-am-pfingstsonntag-doch-keine-100-prozent-waren/News/detail/">"Agora Energiewende", had to rectify the announcements</a>. Instead of "giving the impression that the German power consumption had been covered for some hours by 100% RES-E", updated figures some days later showed that the RES-E share was "<b>at around 82% at best</b>" during certain hours of 15 May 2016. In their statement, Agora Energiewende deplored that their figures had sometimes been interpreted in a way that neglected the provisional character of their real-time calculations.<br />
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This shows how right news sources like the Guardian and Bloomberg are to pursuit a differentiated approach. After all, the RES-E debate needs sincerity instead of claiming victory too early. Even though that might mean that the perfect solution for a permanent 100% RES-E system still needs to be found... JJBhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08378105199282943103noreply@blogger.com0